Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age and represents a major clinical challenge, particularly during pregnancy, as it increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and uterine infections. It is characterised by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, in which anaerobic bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae, predominate, resulting in a reduction in the number of protective lactobacilli. Although bacterial vaginosis is often asymptomatic, its timely detection and appropriate treatment can help prevent serious complications for both the pregnant woman and the foetus. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the risk factors for bacterial vaginosis, explore treatment options for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy, and determine whether bacterial vaginosis affects birth outcomes. Methods: A descriptive research approach was used, based on a systematic review and synthesis of professional and scientific literature. The literature included was published within the previous ten years. Scientific and professional literature and research findings were analysed, and the results of the selection process were presented using a PRISMA flow diagram. Results: The results of the systematic literature review showed that the most common risk factors for bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy are associated with behavioural, social, and reproductive factors, including smoking, changing sexual partners, risky sexual behaviour, and vaginal douching. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes, and low birth weight. Regarding treatment, most of the included studies supported the use of clindamycin, whereas findings on the effectiveness of metronidazole were less consistent. The studies also indicated potential benefits of using probiotics alongside antibiotics, provided that an appropriate time interval is maintained between their administration. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the systematic literature review showed that bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Findings regarding the effectiveness of clindamycin and metronidazole varied; therefore, it is not possible to determine which antibiotic is more effective in all circumstances. The importance of health education, early detection, and appropriate management of bacterial vaginosis was also emphasised. Further high-quality research is needed to develop more consistent guidelines for the prevention, screening, and treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy and to reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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