Introduction: The gut microbiome in newborns, particularly in preterm infants, plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system and health. Research shows that the microbiota of preterm infants is less diverse, with a higher presence of pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics, breastfeeding, and fecal transplantation are promising therapies for restoring healthy microbiota and preventing dysbiosis. Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis was to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in preterm infants, particularly its development, key bacterial species, and the association of probiotics with children’s health. The focus was on understanding how the microbiota develops during the first weeks of life and how nutritional and microbiological interventions can improve health outcomes in preterm infants. Methods: A descriptive research method based on a systematic literature review was used in this bachelor’s thesis. Literature published between 2020 and 2025 in English and Slovenian was searched in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Taylor & Francis databases. The search strategy was presented using a PRISMA flow diagram. Out of 1,702 search results, 13 sources that met the inclusion criteria and research questions were selected. The sources were evaluated according to their quality and thematic relevance. Results: The results of the systematic review showed that the gut microbiota of preterm infants develops more slowly than that of full-term infants, with a higher presence of pathogenic bacteria and lower diversity. Key bacteria for healthy development include Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Bacteroides spp.. The development of the microbiota is influenced by the mode of delivery, nutrition, and exposure to antibiotics. The use of probiotics positively affects the colonization of beneficial bacteria and reduces the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Despite promising results, further research is needed to determine the optimal probiotic strains and dosages. Discussion and Conclusion: The development of the gut microbiota in preterm infants differs significantly from that in full-term newborns. External factors, such as the mode of delivery and nutrition, influence the composition of the microbiota, emphasizing the importance of promoting vaginal delivery and breastfeeding. Probiotics are promising for improving the health of preterm infants; however, further research is needed to optimize protocols and adapt interventions. Understanding the development of the microbiota in preterm infants is crucial for improving neonatal care, and it would be reasonable to develop individualized approaches and standardized guidelines for the use of probiotics.
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