Parking infrastructure in building carbon footprint assessment : impact of methodological approaches

Božiček, David (avtor), Jeglič, Lana (avtor), Pajek, Luka (avtor), Potočnik, Jaka (avtor), Košir, Mitja (avtor)

Parking infrastructure is an important yet often inconsistently treated element in whole-life carbon footprint assessments and broader building sustainability evaluation. With the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) introducing mandatory global warming potential (GWP) reporting, the influence of methodological choices on GWP re sults requires a clearer understanding. This study examines six multi-apartment residential (MAR) projects featuring four distinct parking typologies to quantify how parking infras tructure affects calculated GWP outcomes. Using EN 15804-compliant life cycle assessment (LCA) data, we evaluate four methodological approaches for including parking infrastruc ture in GWP calculations and the approach mandated by the delegated act supplementing the EPBD (DA-EPBD). The results show that parking infrastructure can account for up to 39% of embodied and up to 25% of whole life cycle emissions. Methodological approaches significantly influenced the GWP results, leading to differences of up to 32% in sample median values. An inconsistency in the DA-EPBD approach is identified, resulting in better GWPperformance for projects including large-area attached parking infrastructure, while leading to higher GWP values for projects with detached parking. The findings highlight the sensitivity of GWP outcomes to methodological assumptions regarding parking infras tructure and underscore the need for clear national GWP calculation rules when integrating DA-EPBDrequirements.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: global warming potential, Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, life cycle assessment, LCA, EPBD, GWP, multi-apartment buildings, parking infrastructure, sustainable building design, sustainability indicators
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FGG - Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: 24 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 18, issue 11, art. 5363
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182997
• UDK: 502.131.1
• ISSN pri članku: 2071-1050
• DOI: 10.3390/su18115363
• COBISS.SI-ID: 279944195
• Datum objave v RUL: 01.06.2026

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Sustainability
• Skrajšan naslov: Sustainability
• Založnik: MDPI
• ISSN: 2071-1050
• COBISS.SI-ID: 5324897

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: potencial segrevanja ozračja, Direktiva o energetski učinkovitosti stavb, ocenjevanje življenjskega cikla, večstanovanjske stavbe, infrastruktura za parkiranje, trajnostno načrtovanje stavb, indikatorji trajnosti

Projekti

• Financer: ARIS - Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: N2-0258
• Naslov: Študija toplotnih lastnosti in zmanjšanja vseživljenjskega vpliva alternativnih hibridnih eko-nanomaterialov v okolju z nizkim tlakom

• Financer: ARIS - Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: P2-0158
• Naslov: Gradbene konstrukcije in gradbena fizika