Genetic diversity is crucial for preventing the accumulation of harmful mutations, reducing the incidence of genetic diseases, and maintaining the vitality of dog populations. Intensive selection and breeding strategies have led to a narrowing of the gene pool and an increase in the inbreeding coefficient in many breeds, which is reflected in a higher incidence of hereditary diseases. Traditional approaches based on the analysis of pedigree data often do not reflect the actual genetic structure of the population, which is why advanced molecular methods such as microsatellite markers (STR) and SNP genotyping play an important role. The purpose of the master's thesis was to estimate the genetic distances between selected dog breeds and determine the inbreeding coefficients and the level of genetic diversity using STR (set ISAG2006) and SNP (set ISAG2020) markers. In the study, we prepared genetic profiles of dogs of different breeds using methods such as DNA isolation, PCR, gel and capillary electrophoresis, fragment analysis, and bioinformatic data processing. On this basis, we formed groups of breeds with a common genetic background and assessed heterozygosity, inbreeding and genetic distances. Comparison of markers showed that SNPs allow for a more accurate assessment of heterozygosity and population structure, while STR markers are effective in analyzing kinship relationships and identifying individuals. The obtained results emphasize the importance of genetic analyses in breeding planning and maintaining the genetic diversity of dog breeds. The use of molecular markers allows for reducing the risk of hereditary diseases and contributes to the long-term maintenance of healthy and stable populations.
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