Preventivni vadbeni programi za zmanjševanje mišično-kostnih poškodb spodnjih udov pri baletnih plesalcih – pregled literature

Prohan, Anja (avtor), Palma, Polona (mentor)

Uvod: Balet je tehnično zahtevna plesna zvrst, pri kateri ponavljajoče se obremenitve, skoki, doskoki, delo na polprstih in prstih ter veliki obsegi gibanja povečujejo tveganje za mišično-kostne poškodbe, predvsem v predelu spodnjih udov. Preventivni vadbeni programi so zato usmerjeni v izboljšanje mišične jakosti in vzdržljivosti mišic trupa ter spodnjih udov, ravnotežja, propriocepcije, živčno-mišičnega nadzora in tehnike odriva ter doskoka. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pregledom strokovne literature predstaviti preventivne vadbene programe, ki pri baletnih plesalcih zmanjšujejo bolečino in tveganje za mišično-kostne poškodbe spodnjih udov ter izboljšujejo mišično zmogljivost in ravnotežje. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom literature. Iskanje je potekalo v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library in SPORTDiscus ter spletnem brskalniku Google učenjak s ključnimi besedami: ballet, injury, musculoskeletal injury, ballet dancer, injury audit program, resistance training, strength, power, lower extremity, hip, knee, ankle. Vključene so bile raziskave, izvedene na populaciji baletnih plesalcev, ki so obravnavale preventivne vadbene programe, ter članki z dostopnim celotnim besedilom v angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih šest raziskav. V petih raziskavah je bilo skupaj vključenih 193 preiskovancev, v eni raziskavi pa je bilo število preiskovancev zaradi triletnega spremljanja navedeno ločeno po letih (52, 58 in 53 preiskovancev). Tri raziskave so imele eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino, ena je primerjala dve intervencijski skupini, dve pa nista imeli kontrolne skupine. Preiskovanci so izvajali programe za preprečevanje poškodb spodnjih udov, program 11+ Dance, program telesne priprave, program promocije zdravja, individualiziran program na podlagi presejalnega testiranja in vadbo proti uporu. Intervencije so trajale od devet do 52 tednov, medtem ko je ena raziskava program spremljala tri leta. Rezultati so pokazali, da navedeni vadbeni programi vplivajo na zmanjšanje pojavnosti oziroma incidence poškodb spodnjih udov. Posamezne raziskave so ugotovile še izboljšanje mišične zmogljivosti in ravnotežja ter zmanjšanje bolečine, vendar rezultati niso bili enotni. Razprava in zaključek: Preventivni vadbeni programi prispevajo k zmanjševanju mišično-kostnih poškodb pri baletnih plesalcih, predvsem kadar vključujejo krepitev mišic trupa in spodnjih udov, vadbo ravnotežja, propriocepcije ter živčno-mišičnega nadzora. Zaradi majhnega števila raziskav, raznolikih programov in neenotnega poročanja rezultatov so potrebne dodatne kakovostne raziskave.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: Baletni plesalci, mišično-kostne poškodbe, spodnji udi, preventivni vadbeni programi.
• Vrsta gradiva: Diplomsko delo/naloga
• Organizacija: ZF - Zdravstvena fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2026
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-188406
• Datum objave v RUL: 22.09.2026

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Neznan jezik
• Naslov: Preventive exercise programs for reducing lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in ballet dancers – literature review

Izvleček

Introduction: Ballet is a technically demanding dance form in which repetitive loading, jumps, landings, work on demi-pointe and pointe, and extreme ranges of motion increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries, especially in the lower limbs. Preventive exercise programs are therefore aimed at improving muscle strength and endurance, balance, proprioception, neuromuscular control, and take-off and landing technique. Purpose: The purpose of this diploma thesis was to review the scientific literature and present preventive exercise programs that reduce pain and the risk of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in ballet dancers, and improve muscle performance and balance. Methods: A descriptive method with a literature review was used. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus databases and in the Google Scholar search engine using the following keywords: ballet, injury, musculoskeletal injury, ballet dancer, injury audit program, resistance training, strength, power, lower extremity, hip, knee and ankle. Studies whose participants were ballet dancers and that examined preventive or supplementary exercise programs were included, as well as full-text articles and articles published in English. Results: Six studies were included in the review. In five studies, a total of 193 participants were included, while in one study the number of participants was reported separately for each year of the three-year follow-up period (52, 58 and 53). Three studies included an experimental and a control group, one study compared two active groups, and two studies did not include a classic control group. The interventions included an injury prevention program, the 11+ Dance program, a conditioning program, a health promotion program, an individualized program based on functional screening, and resistance training. The interventions lasted from 9 to 52 weeks, while one study followed the program over a three-year period. The clearest effects were observed in the reduction of injury occurrence or incidence. Individual studies also reported improvements in muscle performance, pain and balance, but the results were not consistent. Discussion and conclusion: Preventive exercise programs may contribute to reducing musculoskeletal injuries in ballet dancers, especially when they include strengthening of the trunk, hip and lower limb muscles, balance, proprioception and neuromuscular control. Due to the small number of studies, heterogeneous programs and inconsistent reporting of results, further high-quality research is needed.

• Ključne besede: Ballet dancers, musculoskeletal injuries, lower limb, preventive exercise programs.