The thesis examines the role and challenges of the human factor in the operation of autonomous vessels. The levels of autonomy and their classification are presented, along with a detailed overview of the Code for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS Code) being developed by the IMO. Particular emphasis is placed on the changing role of humans during the transition from conventional vessel operation to automated and remote operation. The central part of the thesis focuses on operators working in shore-based control centres and the physical and psychological challenges they will face in their everyday work. The psychological challenges are examined in greater detail and include situational awareness, processing large amounts of information, decision-making, and responsibility in critical situations. Physical challenges are addressed less extensively, as the working conditions of seafarers are expected to improve significantly due to the transition from onboard work to shore-based control centres. Special attention is given to changes in the education and training of seafarers, as the development of autonomous technologies will require the acquisition of new knowledge and competencies. In addition to traditional maritime knowledge and skills, competencies in automation, digital technologies, system monitoring, communication, and cybersecurity will become increasingly important. The work of seafarers will therefore require a range of new competencies. Several studies in the field of autonomous vessel operation and monitoring are also presented. The impact of the human factor on safety and technological risks is examined. Due to the direction in which the maritime industry is developing, cybersecurity is becoming increasingly important. Towards the end, the thesis also addresses the issue of legal liability in the event of maritime accidents involving autonomous vessels, as existing legal and regulatory frameworks will require appropriate adaptation in response to the development of autonomous technologies.In conclusion, the thesis also examines the Yara Birkeland, an autonomous vessel operating in the Norwegian fjords. Its current level of autonomy is presented, along with the role of human supervision and support provided from a shore-based control centre.
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