This study investigated the effects of steaming on the surface properties of unmodified and thermally modified beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), with an emphasis on the influence of thermal modification intensity, steaming temperature, and initial equilibrium moisture content on moisture uptake, heating dynamics, and surface mechanical, chemical, and colour properties. Unmodified beech and beech thermally modified at 180 °C and 220 °C were equilibrated at 65% and 85% relative humidity and subsequently steamed at 75 °C, 85 °C, and 95 °C. Moisture content was determined gravimetrically and by electrical resistivity measurements, while mechanical properties were evaluated using scratch testing, confocal laser microscopy and peel strength. Chemical changes were analysed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and colour changes were assessed in the CIE L*a*b* colour space. Thermal modification reduced the hygroscopicity of the wood and caused darkening as the modification temperature increased. Steaming increased the moisture content of unmodified beech wood by 3.3–3.4%, of wood modified at 180 °C by 1.9–2.9%, and of wood modified at 220 °C by 1.1–1.6%. Measurements using electrical resistance sensors showed a higher equilibrium moisture content in natural beech than in thermally modified wood; however, due to limitations in the measuring equipment, it was not possible to reliably assess differences in heating dynamics and moisture content changes. Scratch resistance testing revealed that the surfaces of thermally modified and moister wood were more susceptible to damage. Peel strength testing, due to predominant adhesive failures between the adhesive and the aluminium seal, did not allow for a reliable assessment of the cohesive strength of the wood surface layers.
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