The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to review the use of transgenic plants for the production of therapeutic proteins and to present the main optimization strategies that affect the efficiency of their production. The thesis is based on a full analysis of scientific literature related to molecular farming, plant expression systems and modern biotechnological approaches for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Different methods for generating transgenic plants, various expression systems and strategies for improving the expression, stability, functionality and yield of therapeutic proteins were examined. The analysis showed that transient expression systems provide a cost-effective platform for long-term production. Key factors affecting production efficiency include optimizing expression cassettes, using suitable promoters, codon optimization, glycoengineering, subcellular targeting of proteins and protection against proteolytic degradation. The review also highlighted the importance of controlled cultivation conditions and advanced downstream processing methods, which significantly affect final product yield and quality. It can be concluded that plant-derived production platforms present a safe, flexible and economically attractive alternative to conventional expression systems and that further advances in optimization strategies will improve their potential for large-scale industrial production of therapeutic proteins.
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