Hypocalcaemia is a common metabolic disease of dairy cows during the periparturient period, significantly affecting animal health, reproductive performance, and the economics of milk production. The aim of this thesis was to present the causes of the disease, risk factors, and the possibilities for prevention and treatment, especially from nutritional point of view. The thesis is based on a review of domestic and international scientific and professional literature. It was found that clinical hypocalcaemia affects 5– 10% of dairy cows, while the subclinical form affects up to 50% of animals. The risk of disease occurrence increases with increasing parity, higher milk yield, excessive body condition, and inadequate nutrition during the dry period. Adequate mineral supply and proper regulation of the dietary cation–anion balance play a key role in disease prevention. Research confirms that the use of anionic salts effectively reduces the incidence of milk fever by improving the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. The use of zeolite A and vitamin D supplementation have also proven to be effective preventive measures, while oral calcium preparations after calving also play an important role.
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