This thesis examines Incoterms and their significance in regulating international sales transactions, with an emphasis on the allocation of obligations, costs, and risks between the seller and the buyer, as well as the connection to cargo insurance.
The introductory section presents the importance of international trade and the development of the Incoterms rules, followed by the fundamental characteristics of the Incoterms 2020 rules, the organization of Sections A and B, and their content structure. Special attention is given to groups of ncoterms, as their application affects the relationship between the contracting parties and their mutual rights and obligations.
The analysis of individual Incoterms 2020 follows. The paper examines clauses applicable to all modes of transport as well as those specific to maritime and inland waterway transport. For each clause, the paper outlines the essential obligations of the seller and the buyer, the allocation of costs, and the point of risk transfer. Special attention is given to changes in the EXW, FCA, FAS, and DDP terms.
A separate chapter is devoted to cargo insurance, covering the development and significance of cargo insurance as well as the types of cargo insurance policies. The discussion is linked to the legal framework governing trade terms and insurance, within which the relationship between the application of the Incoterms 2020 rules and the Obligations Code and CISG is presented.
The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal and practical significance of the Incoterms 2020 rules, to analyze the allocation of obligations, costs, and risks between the seller and the buyer, and to illustrate their connection to cargo insurance and the relevant legal framework. The thesis thus provides a clearer understanding of the application of individual trade clauses and their significance in regulating international sales transactions.
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