The thesis presents promising MXenes nanomaterials that exhibit a rare synergy of properties, such as electrical and metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. Structurally, they are carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of transition metals, with the general formula Mn+1 Xn Tx, where "M" represents a transition metal cation, "X" carbon or nitrogen, and "T" a final surface functional group. The physicochemical properties of MXenes are directly related to their synthesis, which is divided into three approaches depending on the direction of construction: "top-down", "up-bottom" and "bottom-up". To evaluate and develop potential applications, it is essential to know the functioning of materials at different biological levels. At the molecular level, MXenes, due to their high specific surface area and Van der Waals forces, form a special structure — the protein corona. They also form interactions with nucleic acids and lipids. At the cellular and tissue level, MXenes form reactive oxygen species, which have cytotoxic and antibacterial effects. Compared to graphene-family nanomaterials, they are less cytotoxic and more biocompatible, which, together with the possibility of surface functionalization and electro-photothermal properties, opens a wider spectrum of applications in various fields. In biomedicine, they offer the possibility of use for drug delivery, photothermal therapy of tumors and healing of chronic wounds. In bioengineering, they are used as sensitive biosensors and as components in 3D printing, biological imaging and separation membranes.
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