Integrative forensic genetics, biochemical, and histological methods for reconstructing biological profiles from aged human skeletal remains

Zupanič-Pajnič, Irena (avtor), Leskovar, Tamara (avtor)

The reconstruction of biological profiles from aged or degraded human skeletal remains represents a major challenge in both forensic and bioarcheological contexts, particularly when conventional identification approaches fail. Recent advances in molecular genetics, biochemical and histological analyses, and biomolecular anthropology have substantially expanded the range of information that can be recovered from compromised remains. This review synthesizes current integrative approaches combining genomic analyses, stable isotope investigations, epigenetic age estimation, proteomic sex determination, and complementary histological techniques to infer sex, ancestry, kinship, age, diet, mobility, and geographic origin. Genetic methods, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), enable increasingly robust inference even from highly degraded samples. Stable isotope analyses provide insights into dietary patterns and mobility, while DNA methylation markers improve age estimation accuracy. Tooth cementum annulation (TCA), although a histological rather than molecular method, contributes an additional chronological indicator within an integrative analytical framework. Rather than treating these approaches independently, this review proposes a multidisciplinary perspective in which complementary datasets collectively support biological profile reconstruction. Integrative interpretation enhances identification potential and provides more nuanced life-history reconstructions, demonstrating the value of combining molecular, biochemical, and histological evidence in forensic and archaeological investigations.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: aged skeletal remains, human identification, biological sex, forensic DNA intelligence, FIGG SNP genotyping, multi-isotope analysis, methylation-based age prediction, tooth cementum annulation
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.02 - Pregledni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: MF - Medicinska fakulteta ; FF - Filozofska fakulteta
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: 20 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 17, iss. 3, art. 258
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-185864
• UDK: 340.6:575
• ISSN pri članku: 2073-4425
• DOI: 10.3390/genes17030258
• COBISS.SI-ID: 271669763
• Datum objave v RUL: 21.08.2026

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Genes
• Skrajšan naslov: Genes
• Založnik: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
• ISSN: 2073-4425
• COBISS.SI-ID: 523100185

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: starani skeletni ostanki, identifikacija človeka, biološki spol, forenzična inteligenca DNK, genotipizacija FIGG SNP, večizotopne analize, napoved starosti na podlagi metilacije, anulacija zobnega cementa