A scoping review of survey questions assessing online hate speech

Vehovar, Vasja (avtor), Šubelj, Živa (avtor), Petrovčič, Andraž (avtor), Bartol, Jošt (avtor)

Hate speech refers to negative communication that targets individuals or groups based on their characteristics (e. g. ethnicity, sexual orientation). The rise of digital communication has amplified its prevalence, making online hate speech (OHS) a pressing societal challenge that requires broad research perspectives and diverse methodological approaches. Survey research is particularly valuable for exploring OHS-related experiences, perceptions, and attitudes among victims, perpetrators, and the general public. However, no comprehensive literature review has yet examined the survey instruments used in OHS research. This study addresses this gap through a scoping review of 127 studies comprising 579 survey questions. The results revealed limited use of probability sampling, underrepresentation of studies outside the Global North, strong concentration in a few national contexts, lack of platform-specific analyses, and insufficient attention to older populations. With respect to survey questions, methodological limitations were identified in relation to question types, measurement scales, wording clarity, and layout formats, as well as an overall shortage of methodological rigour. Regarding target characteristics, questions often referred to broad categories, lacking comprehensiveness and specificity. In terms of content, the open-coding process identified 11 OHS topics. These topics mostly focused on direct perceptions and experiences, while less attention was given to the underlying drivers and civic consequences of OHS. The findings underscore the need for developing standardized survey instruments. To support this aim, the OHS survey questions were additionally compiled into a consolidated database to facilitate future research.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: online hate speech, questionnaire, scoping review, survey methodology, target characteristics, targeted group
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.02 - Pregledni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FDV - Fakulteta za družbene vede
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: 18 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 23, article [no.] ǂ101212
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-185341
• UDK: 303:179.8:82-5
• ISSN pri članku: 2451-9588
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101212
• COBISS.SI-ID: 286544643
• Datum objave v RUL: 31.07.2026

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Computers in human behavior reports
• Založnik: Elsevier
• ISSN: 2451-9588
• COBISS.SI-ID: 35083779

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: sovražni govor, Internet, družboslovne ankete