Interannual variability of European beech spring phenology across elevation gradients derived from Sentinel-2 time series

Potočnik Buhvald, Ana (avtor), Oštir, Krištof (avtor), Skudnik, Mitja (avtor)

Spring phenology of temperate deciduous forests is highly sensitive to interannual temperature variability, particularly in mountainous regions where strong elevational gradients create pronounced spatial differences in thermal forcing. In this study, we use dense Sentinel-2 time series to quantify start-of-season (SOS) dynamics of European beech across Slovenia between 2018 and 2021 and compare satellite-derived phenology with in situ observations from the Slovenian National Phenological Network. Satellite-derived SOS estimates showed moderate agreement with in situ phenological observations. Spring onset showed a clear elevational gradient, with SOS delayed by approximately 2.5–2.8 days per 100 m increase in elevation, consistent with temperature-related differences in spring thermal accumulation across the mountain landscape. Interannual variability was substantial, with a 16.9-day difference in national mean SOS between 2018 and 2021. Spatial patterns of phenological shifts reflected contrasting spring thermal conditions, suggesting a close association between SOS variability and April temperature during the 2018–2021 study period. These results highlight the short-term temperature-associated variability of European beech spring phenology and demonstrate the potential of high-resolution satellite time series to quantify canopy-level phenological patterns in topographically complex landscapes.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: fagus sylvatica, land surface phenology, red-edge vegetation indices, IRECI, mountainous forests, thermal forcing, in situ observations
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FGG - Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: 14 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 97, art. 103934
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-185218
• UDK: 551.506.8:581.54(497.4)
• ISSN pri članku: 1878-0512
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103934
• COBISS.SI-ID: 286243843
• Datum objave v RUL: 29.07.2026

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Ecological informatics
• Založnik: Elsevier
• ISSN: 1878-0512
• COBISS.SI-ID: 62725635

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: fagus sylvatica, fenologija kopenskega površja, vegetacijski indeksi rdečega roba, IRECI, gorski gozdovi, temperaturni vpliv, opazovanja in situ