The literature review conducted within the project focused on identifying survey-based measurement instruments used to study the acceptance of social robots among older adults, their informal caregivers, and the general population. The purpose of the review was to provide a foundation for the development of a conceptual model and the design of a questionnaire in the subsequent phases of the project.
A systematic search for measurement instruments in the field of social robots was carried out in April 2026 using the mEga search engine of the National and University Library (NUK). Of the 166 records initially identified, 30 articles were included in the final sample following a relevance screening process.
The reviewed studies identified 19 different measurement instruments, some of which appeared in multiple studies. These instruments assess a broad range of constructs related to the acceptance of social robots, including perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitudes toward robots, trust, social presence, user experience, ethical concerns, and negative attitudes toward robots. The most frequently used instruments included the Almere Technology Acceptance Questionnaire (ATAQ), the Users’ Needs, Requirements and Abilities Questionnaire (UNRAQ), the Godspeed Questionnaire Series (GQS), and the Negative Attitudes Toward Robots Scale (NARS). The review also showed that researchers frequently employ adapted or combined versions of existing instruments.
In addition, a review of the grey literature was conducted, resulting in the identification of a further 26 measurement instruments from 27 sources. Most of these instruments had been developed specifically for individual studies. They cover domains such as the ethical acceptability of robots, social presence, anxiety related to human–robot interaction, and readiness for robotisation. The findings of the review confirm that the acceptance of social robots is a multidimensional phenomenon. Consequently, in the subsequent phases of the project, the identified instruments will primarily serve as a source of constructs and measurement solutions for the development of a project-specific questionnaire.
|