Mechanical analysis of skier activity in giant slalom

Hladnik, Jurij (avtor), Dražumerič, Radovan (avtor), Petrović, Igor (avtor), Bon, Ivan (avtor), Očić, Mateja (avtor), Cigrovski, Vjekoslav (avtor), Jerman, Boris (avtor)

Propulsive mechanical work in alpine skiing can be performed by gravity and by the skier’s activity. In this study, the part of the work performed by the skier’s activity for the movement of the skier’s centre of mass (COM) relative to the skis (i.e., external skier activity mechanical work, $W_{SA}$) was analysed. The main objectives of the study were to determine (a) positive and negative $W_{SA}$, (b) $W_{SA}$ performed in the skiing direction ($W_{SA,t}$), and (c) mechanical work performed by individual external forces in giant slalom, including the corresponding power profiles. For this purpose, threedimensional whole-body kinematics of five skilled skiers were measured with a global navigation satellite system and an inertial motion capture system, while skiing on a predefined giant slalom course. $W_{SA}$ was calculated upon a two-point skier model as the difference between the work performed by the ground reaction force (GRF) at the COM and at the midpoint between the ankle joints. The negative $W_{SA}$ was 3.1 times larger than the positive $W_{SA}$, which answers an important question about the dominant muscle activity in alpine skiing. $W_{SA,t}$ was exclusively positive on the expense of negative $W_{SA}$ performed in other directions. $W_{SA,t}$ and its power are a characteristic of ski turn mechanics and only partly reflect the skier’s own propulsion. $W_{SA,t}$ presented 2.4%, gravity 93.1% and GRF 4.5% of the total positive work in the skiing direction, respectively. Regarding energy dissipation, 81.0% of the total negative work was dissipated in the ski-snow contact, 14.6% against the air drag and 4.4% was absorbed in the skiers’ bodies. Moreover, a new parameter for evaluation of skiing propulsion efficiency, considering also skier activity mechanical work, was defined.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: skiing kinematics, mechanical analysis, biomechanics, alpine skiing, propulsion work, skiing efficiency
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FS - Fakulteta za strojništvo
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: 18 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 21, no. 4, art. e0347192
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182383
• UDK: 531.1:612.76
• ISSN pri članku: 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0347192
• COBISS.SI-ID: 277553155
• Datum objave v RUL: 08.05.2026

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: PloS one
• Založnik: Public Library of Science
• ISSN: 1932-6203
• COBISS.SI-ID: 2005896

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: kinematika smučanja, mehanska analiza, biomehanika, alpsko smučanje, pogonsko delo, činkovitost smučanja

Projekti

• Financer: ARIS - Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: P2-0266
• Naslov: Napredne izdelovalne tehnologije za visoko kakovostno in trajnostno proizvodnjo

• Financer: ARIS - Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: P2-0263
• Naslov: Mehanika v tehniki