Psihično nasilje na delovnem mestu in proces relacijske družinske terapije : doktorska disertacija

Bele, Nada (avtor), Erzar, Tomaž (mentor)

Disertacija z naslovom Psihično nasilje na delovnem mestu in proces relacijske družinske terapije obravnava povezanost med psihičnim nasiljem na delovnem mestu ter tremi povezanimi negativnimi čustvenimi stanji (depresijo, tesnobo in stresom), obliko odrasle navezanosti in samopodobo na vzorcu odraslih iz splošne populacije, pridobljenem po metodi snežne kepe, hkrati pa preučuje potek in učinke procesa relacijske družinske terapije (RDT) pri obravnavi posledic psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu pri skupini oseb s tovrstno izkušnjo. Namen doktorske disertacije je bil na podlagi pregleda dosedanjih teoretičnih izhodišč in raziskav o posledicah psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu ter empiričnega dela disertacije poglobiti razumevanje posledic psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu za žrtve s pomočjo širše raziskave ter znotraj dela z zaprto terapevtsko skupino pridobiti izkušnje in znanje za oblikovanje smernic za terapevtsko delo z žrtvami psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu po modelu relacijske družinske terapije. V prvem, kvantitativnem delu raziskave je bila na vzorcu 224 oseb iz splošne populacije s pomočjo statističnih testov izvedena primerjava med dvema skupinama. Prvo skupino so sestavljale osebe, ki so ocenile, da so bile žrtve psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu (102 osebi), drugo skupino pa osebe, ki so ocenile, da niso bile žrtve tovrstnega psihičnega nasilja (122 oseb). Na podlagi statistične analize dobljenih rezultatov smo ugotovili, da med skupinama obstajajo statistično značilne razlike na vseh treh raziskovalnih področjih. Pri skupini oseb z izkušnjo psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu so bila v povprečju bolj izražena tri povezana negativna čustvena stanja (depresija, tesnoba in stres), značilna pa sta bila tudi manj varna oblika odrasle navezanosti in nižja samopodoba v primerjavi s skupino oseb brez izkušnje psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu. V ta namen smo uporabili naslednje lestvice: lestvice za depresijo, tesnobo in stres DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), vprašalnik medosebnih odnosov RQ (Relationships Questionnaire) in Rosenbergovo lestvico samopodobe RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). V drugem, delno kvantitativnem in pretežno kvalitativnem delu raziskave so nas zanimale značilnosti udeležencev pred terapevtskim procesom in spremembe pri njih po njem. Raziskovali smo področja duševnega zdravja (depresije, tesnobe in stresa), obliko odrasle navezanosti in samopodobo pri udeležencih ter značilnosti procesa RDT pri predelovanju travmatičnih izkušenj, nastalih zaradi posledic psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu. V ta namen smo oblikovali terapevtski program za osebe z izkušnjo psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu, v katerega se je vključilo sedem oseb, ki so ocenile, da so izpostavljene tovrstnemu nasilju. Skupina je imela dvanajst tedenskih srečanj, vsako v trajanju dveh ur. Podatke smo pred procesom relacijske družinske terapije in po njem zbrali s pomočjo lestvic DASS, vprašalnika ECR-R (The Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised) in lestvice RSES. Zbiranje podatkov je potekalo tudi z vodenjem dnevnika terapevtskih srečanj, v katerega si je terapevtka zapisovala bistvene značilnosti terapevtskega procesa in svoja opažanja pomembnih sprememb pri udeležencih skupine. Na področju duševnega zdravja so udeleženci terapevtske skupine za osebe z izkušnjo psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu pred vstopom v terapevtski program poročali o izrazitem negativnem stresu, tesnobi, depresivnem razpoloženju ter negativnih afektih, kot so strah, žalost in sram. Navajali so tudi slabšo sposobnost uspešne regulacije afektov, telesno in psihično izčrpanost ter slabše vsakodnevno funkcioniranje. Na področju medosebnih odnosov so udeleženci prihajali z občutki osamljenosti, tesnobnosti in izogibanja v bližnjih odnosih, z izkušnjo nespoštovanja osebnih meja, nezdrave komunikacije ter pomanjkanja podpore. Na področju samopodobe so udeleženci prihajali s slabšo samopodobo, nižjim samospoštovanjem, občutki nevrednosti ter željo po večjem spoštovanju do sebe, ob hkratnem pozitivnem vrednotenju lastnega dela. Na področju depresije, tesnobe in stresa so se po procesu relacijske družinske terapije pri vseh udeležencih pokazale pozitivne in statistično značilne spremembe. Ugotoviti je bilo mogoče pomemben upad težav, povezanih s temi tremi negativnimi čustvenimi stanji. Udeleženci so poročali predvsem o manj pogostem in manj intenzivnem doživljanju tesnobe in stresa, redkejšem doživljanju težjih afektov, kot so strah, žalost in jeza, ter o boljši regulaciji afektov. Obenem so navajali boljšo skrb zase, bolj optimistično razpoloženje, pri delu udeležencev pa tudi manj pogosto doživljanje depresivnosti ter boljše vsakodnevno funkcioniranje. Na področju odrasle navezanosti so udeleženci po procesu RDT poročali predvsem o zmanjšani tesnobnosti in večji sproščenosti v medosebnih odnosih, pri delu udeležencev pa tudi o manj pogostem izogibanju v odnosih. Ob tem so navajali manjšo prisotnost občutka osamljenosti, manj pogost občutek grešnega kozla, boljšo sposobnost postaviti se zase ter učinkovitejše postavljanje meja v medosebnih odnosih. Na podlagi teh ugotovitev lahko sklepamo, da so se pokazale pozitivne spremembe pri obeh dimenzijah odrasle navezanosti, vendar je bila statistično značilna le sprememba pri dimenziji tesnobnosti, medtem ko pri dimenziji izogibanja sprememba ni dosegla statistične značilnosti. Na področju samopodobe so udeleženci po procesu RDT poročali o izboljšani samopodobi in samospoštovanju, kar se je izražalo v večjem občutku lastne vrednosti, večjem občutku moči in zmanjšanju občutka manjvrednosti. Spremembe na področju samopodobe so bile pri vseh udeležencih pozitivne in statistično značilne. Analiza procesa relacijske družinske terapije (RDT) pri žrtvah psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu je pokazala, da terapevtsko delo med drugim obsega vzpostavljanje varnega prostora, regulacijo afektov, izboljševanje medosebnih odnosov ter krepitev samopodobe in skrbi zase. Na tej podlagi smo oblikovali smernice za terapevtsko obravnavo po modelu relacijske družinske terapije, ki vključujejo vzpostavljanje varnosti v terapevtskem procesu, obravnavo čustvenih posledic, razvoj čustvene samoregulacije, uporabo tehnike dvojnega zavedanja, prepoznavanje in preoblikovanje manj varnih vzorcev odrasle navezanosti, postavljanje zdravih medosebnih meja, krepitev pozitivne samopodobe ter vključevanje podpore socialne mreže. Doktorska disertacija prispeva k boljšemu razumevanju posledic psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu za žrtve ter odpira možnost uporabe modela relacijske družinske terapije kot ene izmed oblik podpore in pomoči osebam z izkušnjo psihičnega nasilja na delovnem mestu.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: psihično nasilje na delovnem mestu, vzroki, posledice, storilec, žrtev, tri povezana negativna čustvena stanja (depresija, tesnoba, stres), odrasla navezanost, samopodoba, relacijska družinska terapija
• Vrsta gradiva: Doktorsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
• Organizacija: TEOF - Teološka fakulteta
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: [N. Bele]
• Leto izida: 2026
• Št. strani: XV, 287 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-182275
• UDK: 159.964: 364.636(043.3)
• COBISS.SI-ID: 277158147
• Datum objave v RUL: 06.05.2026

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Psychological terror at workplace and the process of relational family therapy

Izvleček

The dissertation entitled Psychological Terror at Workplace and the Process of Relational Family Therapy examines the association between psychological terror in the workplace and three related negative emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress), adult attachment style, and self-esteem in a sample of adults from the general population recruited through snowball sampling. At the same time, it explores the course and effects of the process of Relational Family Therapy (RDT) in addressing the consequences of psychological terror in the workplace among a group of individuals with this type of experience. The aim of the doctoral dissertation was, on the basis of a review of the existing theoretical foundations and research on the consequences of psychological terror in the workplace, as well as the empirical part of the dissertation, to deepen the understanding of the consequences of psychological terror in the workplace for victims through a broader study and, within the context of work with a closed therapeutic group, to gain experience and knowledge for the development of guidelines for therapeutic work with victims of psychological terror in the workplace according to the model of Relational Family Therapy. In the first, quantitative part of the study, a comparison between two groups was conducted on a sample of 224 individuals from the general population using statistical tests. The first group consisted of individuals who assessed themselves as having been victims of psychological terror in the workplace (102 participants), while the second group consisted of individuals who assessed themselves as not having been victims of this type of psychological terror (122 participants). Based on the statistical analysis of the results obtained, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups across all three research areas. In the group of individuals with experience of psychological terror in the workplace, the three related negative emotional states (depression, anxiety, and stress) were, on average, more strongly expressed. This group was also characterised by a less secure adult attachment style and lower self-esteem in comparison with the group of individuals without experience of psychological terror in the workplace. For this purpose, the following instruments were used: the DASS scales for depression, anxiety, and stress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales), the RQ questionnaire (Relationships Questionnaire), and the RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). In the second, partly quantitative and predominantly qualitative part of the study, the focus was on the characteristics of the participants before the therapeutic process and the changes observed after it. The study examined the areas of mental health (depression, anxiety, and stress), adult attachment style, and self-esteem in the participants, as well as the characteristics of the RDT process in working through traumatic experiences arising from the consequences of psychological terror in the workplace. For this purpose, a therapeutic programme was designed for individuals with experience of psychological terror in the workplace, and seven participants who assessed themselves as being exposed to this type of psychological terror took part in it. The group attended twelve weekly sessions, each lasting two hours. Data were collected before and after the process of Relational Family Therapy using the DASS scales, the ECR-R questionnaire (The Experiences in Close Relationships–Revised), and the RSES. Data collection was also carried out by keeping a diary of therapeutic sessions, in which the therapist recorded the essential characteristics of the therapeutic process and her observations of significant changes in the group participants. In the area of mental health, before entering the therapeutic programme, participants in the therapeutic group for individuals with experience of psychological terror in the workplace reported pronounced negative stress, anxiety, depressed mood, and negative affects such as fear, sadness, and shame. They also reported a reduced ability to regulate affects effectively, physical and psychological exhaustion, and poorer everyday functioning. In the area of interpersonal relationships, participants entered the programme with feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and avoidance in close relationships, as well as experiences of disrespect for personal boundaries, unhealthy communication, and a lack of support. In the area of self-esteem, participants entered the programme with lower self-esteem, lower self-respect, feelings of worthlessness, and a desire for greater self-respect, while at the same time maintaining a positive evaluation of their own work. In the areas of depression, anxiety, and stress, positive and statistically significant changes were observed in all participants after the process of Relational Family Therapy. A significant decrease in difficulties associated with these three negative emotional states was identified. Participants reported, in particular, less frequent and less intense experiences of anxiety and stress, less frequent experiences of more intense affects such as fear, sadness, and anger, and better affect regulation. In addition, they reported better self-care, a more optimistic mood, and, in some participants, less frequent experiences of depression as well as better everyday functioning. In the area of adult attachment, after the RDT process, participants reported primarily reduced anxiety and greater relaxation in interpersonal relationships and, in some participants, less frequent avoidance in relationships. They also reported less loneliness, a less frequent sense of being a scapegoat, a better ability to stand up for themselves, and more effective boundary-setting in interpersonal relationships. On the basis of these findings, it may be concluded that positive changes were observed in both dimensions of adult attachment; however, only the change in the anxiety dimension was statistically significant, while the change in the avoidance dimension did not reach statistical significance. In the area of self-esteem, after the RDT process, participants reported improved self-esteem and self-respect, which was reflected in a greater sense of self-worth, a greater sense of strength, and a reduced sense of inferiority. Changes in the area of self-esteem were positive and statistically significant in all participants. The analysis of the process of Relational Family Therapy (RDT) in victims of psychological terror in the workplace showed that therapeutic work includes, among other things, creating a safe space, regulating affect, improving interpersonal relationships, and strengthening self-esteem and self-care. On this basis, guidelines were developed for therapeutic treatment according to the model of Relational Family Therapy, including establishing safety in the therapeutic process, addressing emotional consequences, developing emotional self-regulation, using the dual awareness technique, identifying and transforming less secure patterns of adult attachment, setting healthy interpersonal boundaries, strengthening positive self-esteem, and incorporating support from the social network. The doctoral dissertation contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of psychological terror in the workplace for victims and opens up the possibility of using the model of Relational Family Therapy as one of the forms of support and assistance for individuals with experience of psychological terror in the workplace.

• Ključne besede: psychological terror in the workplace, causes, consequences, perpetrator, victim, three related negative emotional states (depression, anxiety, stress), adult attachment, self-esteem, relational family therapy