The aim of this study was to explore the psychological characteristics and processes that
influence persistence, performance, and decision-making among ultra trail runners under
conditions of prolonged and extreme physical exertion. Particular attention was given to pain
management, self-confidence, mental endurance, the use of psychological strategies, and
the role of negative internal states in decisions to withdraw from competition.
The study included ten experienced male and female ultra trail runners. All participants had
extensive experience in ultra trail running, having completed at least five such races, with
some having participated in more than twenty events. Data were collected through semi
structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis, which served as the
basis for identifying thematic categories and testing the proposed hypotheses.
The results confirm that pain management, self-confidence, and mental endurance are key
psychological characteristics of ultra trail runners. These characteristics do not operate in
isolation but form an interconnected and adaptive system of self-regulation that develops
through experience. Runners generally perceive pain as information requiring strategic
adjustment; however, in certain phases they may consciously suppress pain or rely on sheer
willpower to push through critical moments. Active psychological strategies such as self-talk,
visualization, and flexible goal orientation proved to be important factors in successfully
overcoming crises and maintaining psychological stability. In contrast, a passive stance or
the absence of regulatory strategies was associated with a higher risk of psychological
breakdown and withdrawal.
Negative psychological states, such as fear of failure and feelings of hopelessness, were not
found to be direct causes of withdrawal. Instead, they became problematic primarily when
combined with low self-confidence, limited experience, and ineffective coping strategies.
These states often emerged as accompanying or secondary processes related to physical
exhaustion and situational constraints.
Overall, the findings highlight ultra trail running as a highly psychologically demanding sport
in which success depends on flexibility, adaptability, and the capacity for long-term self
regulation. The results have important practical implications for training, psychological
preparation, and support of ultra trail runners, emphasizing that the development of
psychological strategies is a crucial component of sustainable and safe participation in this
sport.
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