Rising bacterial resistance increasingly limits the effectiveness of antibiotics and represents a major challenge in modern medicine. One of the important mechanisms underlying resistance is the action of efflux pumps. These primarily maintain cellular homeostasis by
exporting endogenous and environmental compounds; however, their overexpression can markedly reduce the intracellular concentration of antibiotics. Efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria are particularly problematic in clinical settings, especially those belonging to the RND family, which, due to their structural complexity and broad substrate spectrum,
play a significant role in the development of multidrug resistance.
In this master’s thesis, we first conducted a review of efflux pumps, their substrates, and known inhibitors. We found that the number of identified inhibitors is limited and that research efforts are unevenly distributed among individual targets, with clinically most relevant multidrug-resistant pumps being underrepresented. Among the most extensively studied is AcrB from Escherichia coli, for which the largest number of crystal structures has been reported. The thesis therefore focused on the structural analysis of AcrB using bioinformatic tools. Using the ProBiS and BLAST algorithms, we identified structurally and sequence-related proteins and found that AcrB is most similar, both structurally and at the amino acid sequence level, to the MexB pump from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evolutionary conservation was analyzed using the ConSurf server, and the results were correlated with binding sites identified by visual inspection of crystal structures from the PDB database using PyMOL. We observed substantial overlap between inhibitor and substrate binding sites, most of which are poorly conserved, reflecting the pump’s adaptability to diverse substrates. Nevertheless, several highly conserved binding sites were also identified,representing promising targets. In the final part of the study, novel potential binding sites were identified using the SiteMap tool, and the most promising sites for further targeting were selected based on their suitability for small-molecule binding and evolutionary conservation.
In conclusion, this thesis establishes a comprehensive and systematic framework for the identification and evaluation of potential binding sites in the AcrB efflux pump. This
approach can also be applied to related RND transport systems in other clinically important pathogens, such as MexB in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, thereby contributing to the
development of new strategies to overcome the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.
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