Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA), a heterodimeric ion pump, is essential for ion homeostasis and important sink of cellular ATP. In contracting skeletal muscles, tight coordination of ion transport and energy metabolism is required. Signaling pathways that link NKA and cell energy metabolism are not well understood. Regulation of small transmembrane NKA regulator FXYD1 in muscle is largely unknown. We have dissected molecular mechanisms of NKA/FXYD1 regulation via important metabolic stimuli, using muscle and kidney cell models. Our results demonstrate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) progressively suppressed the phosphorylation of Tyr10 in cultured human and rat myotubes, while preventing the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated Tyr10 phosphorylation in kidney. AMPK exerts its effects on NKA via suppression of EGF receptor (EGFR), highlighting its role in tyrosine phosphorylation. Conversely, NKA inhibitor ouabain increased Tyr10 phosphorylation, suggesting AMPK-mediated NKA dephosphorylation has stimulatory effect on NKA. We have elucidated the mechanism of Tyr10 phosphorylation. Growth factors, but not insulin, potently stimulated Tyr10 phosphorylation. EGFR activity is necessary but not sufficient for EGF-mediated Tyr10 phosphorylation. Src-family kinases are the main kinases of Tyr10. Src family kinase inhibition markedly suppressed basal Tyr10 phosphorylation and completely prevented the EGF-stimulated Tyr10 phosphorylation without affecting EGFR. Gene silencing of Src decreased basal, but not EGF-stimulated Tyr10 phosphorylation, indicating Src is not a sole regulator of Tyr10. We failed to observe significant effects of thyroid hormones (T3) on the NKA/FXYD1 gene expression and/or protein levels. Our cells exhibit poor responsiveness to T3 stimulation, indicating limitations of cell models. T3 increased oxidative and glycolytic ATP production, irrespective of NKA. Nevertheless, we have observed a donor-specific effect of T3 on the expression of FXYD1. Collectively, we have established a novel mechanism by which AMPK regulates NKA and suggested FXYD1 expression may be dependent on metabolic signals, providing new links between energy metabolism and NKA-mediated ion transport.
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