Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) are continuously exposed to glucose absorption through the peritoneal membrane. In addition to their illness, they face challenges in maintaining adequate dietary intake and physical activity. This study aimed to investigate glycaemic control, dietary habits, body composition, physical performance, and lifestyle in PD patients, and to compare these with healthy volunteers, as well as to identify possible correlations between these parameters. The study involved 20 PD patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Data were collected using the Dexcom G7 continuous glucose monitoring system, Garmin Vivoactive 4 smartwatches, a food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire, the MEDAS questionnaire, handgrip strength test, five-repetition sit-to-stand test, bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24-hour dietary recall, blood biochemical analysis, and anthropometric measurements. Half of the PD patients participated in a four-week dietary intervention with a Mediterranean diet. The results showed that patients had poorer glycaemic control, demonstrated by a higher mean glucose value (p = 0,013) and glycaemic management indicator (p = 0,009) compared to healthy volunteers. The dietary intake of patients was inadequate, with 85% having insufficient protein intake and 80% having insufficient energy intake. Glucose from the dialysate accounted for 13,7% of daily energy intake. Patients had lower handgrip strength (p = 0,0044), took longer to complete the five-repetition sit-to-stand test (p < 0,001), and had a lower daily step count (p = 0,049) compared to healthy volunteers. Step count, muscle strength, and physical capacity correlated with glycaemic variability, indicating that physical activity is an important factor in glycaemic control. A holistic approach, combining planned dietary interventions, promotion of physical activity, and lifestyle modifications, is essential for improving the health status and quality of life of PD patients.
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