Sex- and age-specific characteristics of running performance assessed by OptoJump in pre-school children aged 3 to 6 years

Ljubičić, Sanja (avtor), Gregorc, Jera (avtor), Petrić, Vilko (avtor)

Background/Objectives: Running is among the most prevalent forms of physical activity in preschool-aged children and constitutes a fundamental component for the effective execution of other motor patterns. The main aim of this study is to determine how fundamental running parameters change with age and whether there are differences between sexes. Methods: Four-hundred and five pre-school children with the mean (SD) age = 4.9 (1.1) years, height = 111.2 (9.3) cm, weight = 20.0 (4.2) kg, 53.5% girls were recruited from 34 kindergartens in four major cities. The inclusion criteria involved children aged 3–6 years with typical development and without any locomotor or mental disorders and diseases, who were enrolled in day care. Running performance was assessed in preschool children using a 10-m sprint test. Sprint parameters were measured with the OptoJump modular system, an infrared platform that accurately quantifies kinematic variables. Sex (boys vs. girls) and age (3 to 6 years old) differences were calculated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal–Wallis H-test with post hoc comparison test between the groups. Results: In general, the results indicated that statistically significant differences between boys and girls were observed across the following levels: (1) temporal–kinematic step phase, (2) spatiotemporal movement characteristics, and (3) propulsive phase as an indicator of muscular activity. However, these differences were not consistent across all age groups. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the spatiotemporal characteristics of running in preschool-aged children. The findings may assist in the early identification of potential motor deviations and in the planning of more effective strategies to promote physical activity during the preschool period.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: children, motor patterns, propulsive phase, running performance, spatiotemporal characteristics, temporal–kinematic
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: 10 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 12, iss. 12, art. 1684
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-177284
• UDK: 373.32.016:79
• ISSN pri članku: 2227-9067
• DOI: 10.3390/children12121684
• COBISS.SI-ID: 261662467
• Datum objave v RUL: 19.12.2025

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Children
• Skrajšan naslov: Children
• Založnik: MDPI
• ISSN: 2227-9067
• COBISS.SI-ID: 523029017

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: spolne razlike, predšolska vzgoja, tek

Projekti

• Financer: University of Rijeka
• Številka projekta: 23-37
• Akronim: UNIRI-MLADI-DRUSTV

• Financer: University of Rijeka
• Številka projekta: 23-201
• Akronim: UNIRI-ISKUSNI-DRUSTV