Rule and measure : a history of juridical practices in the age of surveys

Komel, Svit (avtor), Škrubej, Katja (mentor), Müller-Wille, Staffan (komentor)

In this dissertation, I argue that a particular form of power-knowledge emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which I call the survey. Examples of surveys include cadastral measurements, inventories of local measurement units, compilations of customary law, geological and meteorological surveys, etc. The common goal and result of these surveys was the systematic recording of local phenomena, objects, practices, and practical knowledge, like property boundaries or characteristics of land, plants, and animals. I illustrate how such surveys developed into a specific manner of governing the local through the production of knowledge about habitual social relations and material conditions of daily life by studying the example of the so-called redemption and regulation of peasant “easements”. The purpose of this reform, proclaimed by the Patent of 5 July 1853, was to record and abolish the collective rights of village communities in forests, pastures and other commonly exploited lands in the entire Habsburg monarchy. Together with the land relief, which abolished feudal land tenure, the redemption replaced old land property relations with a new form of undivided and exclusive ownership. Similar to previous attempts to restrict communal land rights, the contrivers of the redemption at the interior ministry classified these rights as easements—as burdens on lands that were attributed exclusively to another person, generally the former manors. However, they departed from both received Roman law and the Habsburg civil code, redefining the term easement as any land right that is “harmful to the national economy”. Examining petitions, protests, and complaints, I contrast the view of the surveyors with the juridical knowledge of the peasants, who often defended their rights as “parts” in communal land and as property. Analysing disputes reveals the extensive expropriation of village communities and the influence of the survey as a particular form of power-knowledge on the transformation of land property, proletarianization, and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: survey, power-knowledge, practical knowledge, feudalism to capitalism, history of property, civil law, codification, original accumulation
• Vrsta gradiva: Doktorsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.08 - Doktorska disertacija
• Organizacija: PF - Pravna fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2025
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-177266
• Datum objave v RUL: 19.12.2025

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Naslov: Pravilo in mera : zgodovina pravnih praks v dobi popisov

Izvleček

V doktoratu utemeljujem, da se v 18. in 19. stoletju pojavi posebna oblika oblastne in znanstvene prakse, ki jo imenujem popis. Primeri tovrstnih popisov so denimo katastrske izmere, evidentiranje krajevnih mer in uteži, kompiliranje običajnega prava, in meteorološki popisi itd. Skupni cilj in rezultat teh popisov je bil sistematično evidentiranje lokalnih pojavov, predmetov, praks in praktične vednosti, npr. posestnih mej, običajnega prava, lastnosti zemlje, rastlin in živali, krajevnih merskih enot. V doktoratu ponazorim, kako so se tovrstni popisi razvili v poseben način upravljanja lokalnega prek produkcije vednosti o običajnih družbenih odnosih in materialnih pogojih vsakdanjega življenja, na primeru odkupa in regulacije kmečkih »služnosti«. Namen te reforme, razglašene s cesarskim patentom 5. julija 1853, je bil popisati in odpraviti kolektivne premoženjske pravice vaških skupnosti na gozdovih, pašnikih in drugem svetu v skupni rabi po celotni Habsburški monarhiji. Skupaj z zemljiško odvezo, ki je odpravila stvarnopravno podložnost, je servitutna regulacija nadomestila stara zemljiška premoženjska razmerja z novim institutom enotne in izključne lastnine. Podobno kot predhodni poskusi omejevanja srenjskih premoženjskih pravic so tudi snovalci servitutne regulacije na ministrstvu za notranje zadeve te pravice klasificirali kot služnosti – kot bremena na zemljiščih, ki naj bi bila v izključni lasti tretje osebe, načeloma nekdanjih zemljiških gospostev. Vendar pa so odstopili tako od recipiranega rimskega prava kot od civilnega zakonika in uvedli popolnoma drugačno definicijo služnosti kot katerekoli stvarne pravice, ki je »škodljiva za državno ekonomijo«. Na podlagi peticij, uporov in pritožb pogled popisovalcev soočim z drugačno pravno vednostjo kmetov, ki so svoje pravice pogosto uveljavljali kot »parte« v skupnem svetu in kot lastnino. Obravnava sporov pokaže obsežno razlastitev vaških skupnosti ter vpliv popisa kot posebne oblike oblasti-vednosti na preobrazbo zemljiške lastnine, proletarizacijo in razvoj kapitalizma v Avstrijskem cesarstvu.

• Ključne besede: popis, oblast-vednost, praktična vednost, prehod fevdalizma v kapitalizem, zgodovina lastnine, civilno pravo, kodifikacija, prvotna akumulacija