Operando impedance spectroscopy informed dynamic internal resistance compensation mitigates bubble-induced distortions of the applied potential

Tomc, Blaž (avtor), Hotko, Miha (avtor), Marsel, Aleš (avtor), Maselj, Nik (avtor), Svete, Maja (avtor), Suhadolnik, Luka (avtor), Bele, Marjan (avtor), Farinazzo Bergamo Dias Martins, Pedro (avtor), Strmčnik, Dušan (avtor), Gaberšček, Miran (avtor), Hodnik, Nejc (avtor)

Bubble formation during gas-evolving electrochemical reactions disrupts potential control and obscures intrinsic catalyst−performance relationships. While conventional strategies to mitigate this issue have relied on surface engineering or cell design, here we introduce a dynamic internal resistance (IR) compensation approach that adapts to bubble-induced fluctuations in real time. This was achieved by employing (i) operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which provided the electrolyte resistance (R$_{Ohm}$) parameter continuously, and (ii) a Python control loop to extract EIS data and dynamically adjust the IR compensation. This self-correcting approach effectively suppressed bubble-induced artifacts during prolonged electrochemical CO$_2$ reduction (ECO$_2$R) on copper, enabling accurate performance evaluation and reliable assessment of catalyst instability under realistic operating conditions. We argue that such control is essential in ECO$_2$R stability studies, where even minor potential shifts can obscure intrinsic catalyst−performance relationships and hinder mechanistic insight into degradation.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, operando EIS, IR compensation, bubbles, stability, electrochemical CO$_2$ reduction, catalysts, copper, redox reactions, selectivity
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FKKT - Fakulteta za kemijo in kemijsko tehnologijo
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: Str. 2823–2830
• Številčenje: Vol. 1, iss. 12
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-176942
• UDK: 66
• ISSN pri članku: 2997-0571
• DOI: 10.1021/acselectrochem.5c00368
• COBISS.SI-ID: 261429251
• Datum objave v RUL: 16.12.2025

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: ACS electrochemistry
• Skrajšan naslov: ACS electrochem.
• Založnik: American Chemical Society
• ISSN: 2997-0571
• COBISS.SI-ID: 252727299

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: kemijska tehnologija, elektrokemija, katalizatorji, spektroskopija