The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War demonstrated how rapidly the contemporary dynamics of global geopolitics are changing in an increasingly multipolar world. In this context, countries need military, economic, and political means to assert their own position in the international environment. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan had been ongoing since 1988, when the First Nagorno-Karabakh War began, which ended with Armenia's victory and a ceasefire in 1994. Until the outbreak of the Second War in 2020, the conflict was established as a so-called frozen conflict, with no clear state of peace or war. The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War lasted 44 days, this time won by Azerbaijan. It revealed several new military and international challenges, primarily due to the development of modern military technologies and tactics. In addition, the Second War demonstrated how great of an influence external actors with their own national interests have on the outcome of the war. Armenia received support from the Russian Federation in the first war, but support declined in the second war. On the other hand, Azerbaijan received extensive military support in the second war, mainly from the Republic of Turkey. In 2023, Azerbaijan finally took control of Nagorno-Karabakh, from which approximately 100,000 Armenians were displaced. Nevertheless, the future of the South Caucasus remains uncertain, as the region still faces some open issues, so the path to stabilization will be challenging.
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