The aim of this master’s thesis was to review scientific literature on performance-related factors and training processes in triathlon. We analysed the factors influencing competitive success in triathlon and compared training processes across the sport’s individual disciplines.
It was found that the strongest physiological predictors of elite performance in triathlon are high maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), low body fat percentage, an efficient cardiorespiratory system, and the ability to sustain effort near the second ventilatory threshold. Morphological characteristics (e.g., longer limbs) provide biomechanical advantages, while factors such as age, gender, and psychosocial aspects also influence performance outcomes. The training process differs significantly between standard (Olympic) and long-distance triathlon – the Olympic triathlon requires more high-intensity training, run-after-bike adaptations, and tactical elements such as drafting, whereas long-distance preparation emphasizes the development of endurance, nutritional strategies, and pacing control. In standard-distance competitions, running contributes the most to overall performance time, while in long-distance triathlon, running and cycling have roughly equal influence, which justifies the need to adjust the training process according to race distance.
For optimal athlete development, a discipline-specific and well-structured training plan is essential. Therefore, special attention was given to the comparison of training processes in standard and long-distance triathlon, with the goal of creating practical, evidence-based guidelines for coaches and athletes. This thesis thus provides the sports profession with a deeper understanding of the complexity of triathlon and the many factors that significantly affect high-performance outcomes.
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