Temperature-adaptive torque allocation for all wheel drive electric trucks

Ghazali, Mohammad (avtor), Vukotić, Mario (avtor), Miljavec, Damijan (avtor), Hartavi, Ahu Ece (avtor)

Electrification of heavy-duty trucks is of great interest since it would bring substantial benefits in terms of reduce emissions (>80%) of road transport) and noise pollution. This study investigates energy-optimized torque allocation for a 370 kW all-wheel-drive electric truck under variable temperatures. The novel approach incorporates electric machine temperature dynamics into the modelling process, recognizing that the electric machine temperature varies with load and speed. A high-fidelity, multi-physical model of the permanent magnet synchronous machine is developed enabling analysis of electric, magnetic, mechanical, and thermal phenomena, including their cross-influence. The model dynamically updates electric machines’ characteristics and component loss rates as a function of temperature and integrates this information into a control strategy that adaptively allocates torque between axles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this temperature-adaptive torque control represents a novel contribution. Therefore, the novel strategy optimally distributed torque between axles based on the temperature-dependent loss characteristics of each motor to minimize overall energy consumption. The result is compared with two conventional techniques: (1) fixed torque ratio distribution, and (2) fixed-temperature optimal torque allocation using efficiency maps generated at −20℃ and +50℃. For the Eskisehir cycle, the proposed method reduces power consumption by up to 2% and 3%, respectively, within operating temperature range of −20℃ to 180℃. Further analysis of a hypothetical cycle indicates that energy savings may increase to 3% and 7%, demonstrating the drive cycle’s decisive effect. This work advances the integration of thermal dynamics into vehicle level control, offering practical pathways to improve efficiency up to 7%, in electric heavy duty vehicles.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: electric machine, thermal model, energy optimization, electrification, heavy duty trucks, torque allocation
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FE - Fakulteta za elektrotehniko
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: 15 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 276, art.126846
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-173660
• UDK: 621.313/.314
• ISSN pri članku: 1873-5606
• DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126846
• COBISS.SI-ID: 236302339
• Datum objave v RUL: 19.09.2025

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Applied thermal engineering
• Založnik: Elsevier
• ISSN: 1873-5606
• COBISS.SI-ID: 23195397

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: električni stroj, termičn model, energijska optimizacija, elektrifikacija, težki tovornjaki, porazdeljevanje navora