Introduction: The spine is essential for the body support and function. The lumbar spine
consists of five vertebrae, from L1 to L5, and forms a lordotic curve. The fifth lumbar
vertebra is the strongest as it bears the weight of the head and torso. Due to the large and
constant stress on the lumbar spine, diseases such as lumbar herniated disc, spinal stenosis,
and spondylolisthesis often occur. For diagnosis we use X-ray imaging, computed
tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, which allow for a more accurate assessment
of the condition and treatment planning. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present
the role of radiological technology in detecting diseases of the lumbar spine and to compare
radiologic methods based on their effectiveness in diagnosing specific pathologies.
Methods: We used the literature review method. Sources were searched in databases such
as PubMed, RUL, ScienceDirect, Radiopedia, and others. By applying inclusion and
exclusion criteria, we selected relevant articles. Results: In cases of lumbar disc herniation,
magnetic resonance is the most effective imaging method, as it clearly shows the size and
location of the herniation as well as the surrounding tissues. It can also reveal other
pathologies that may accompany the herniation. Computed tomography is used to assess
bony structures and calcifications. For spinal stenosis magnetic resonance is most commonly
used, as it provides the best visualization of the stenosis across various sequences and planes.
T2-weighted sequences and the sagittal plane are particularly useful. Computed tomography
is also employed, especially to accurately depict nerve compression. Computed tomography
myelography is used when magnetic resonance is contraindicated. X-ray imaging is typically
performed during the initial assessment but is later replaced by other radiologic methods.
For spondylolisthesis, X-ray imaging is the preferred method, particularly using four
projections, including flexion and extension views, which allow for determination of the
degree of spondylolisthesis according to the Meyerding classification. Computed
tomography provides the best visualization of bony structures and pars interarticularis
defects. Three-dimensional reconstructions enable improved diagnosis and further treatment
planning. Magnetic resonance is used only in cases with neurological deficits. Discussion
and conclusion: Radiological technology plays an important role in the diagnosis of lumbar
spine diseases. X-ray imaging is the first-line method due to its easy accessibility and low
cost. It effectively shows changes in the bony structures. Computed tomography is used for
evaluating complex bone abnormalities, and three-dimensional reconstructions further aid
in assessment, although it involves a high radiation dose. Magnetic resonance is most
commonly used for diagnosing lumbar spine conditions, as it provides the best visualization
of soft tissues, however, it is more expensive and less readily available. The choice of
imaging method depends on the specific pathology and the patient’s condition.
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