Contactless pulse rate assessment : results and insights for application in driving simulators

Nešković, Ðorđe D. (avtor), Stojmenova Pečečnik, Kristina (avtor), Sodnik, Jaka (avtor), Miljković, Nadica (avtor)

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) offers a promising solution for non-contact driver monitoring by detecting subtle blood flow-induced facial color changes from video. However, motion artifacts in dynamic driving environments remain key challenges. This study presents an rPPG framework that combines signal processing techniques before and after applying Eulerian Video Magnification (EVM) for pulse rate (PR) estimation in driving simulators. While not novel, the approach offers insights into the efficiency of the EVM method and its time complexity. We compare results of the proposed rPPG approach against reference Empatica E4 data and also compare it with existing achievements from the literature. Additionally, the possible bias of the Empatica E4 is further assessed using an independent dataset with both the Empatica E4 and the Faros 360 measurements. EVM slightly improves PR estimation, reducing the mean absolute error (MAE) from 6.48 bpm to 5.04 bpm (the lowest MAE (~2 bpm) was achieved under strict conditions) with an additional time required for EVM of about 20 s for 30 s sequence. Furthermore, statistically significant differences are identified between younger and older drivers in both reference and rPPG data. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using rPPG-based PR monitoring, encouraging further research in driving simulations.

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Ključne besede: driving simulator, motion artifacts, non-contact measurements, pulse rate, remote photoplethysmography
• Vrsta gradiva: Članek v reviji
• Tipologija: 1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
• Organizacija: FE - Fakulteta za elektrotehniko
• Status publikacije: Objavljeno
• Različica publikacije: Objavljena publikacija
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: 28 str.
• Številčenje: Vol. 15, issue 17, art. 9512
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-171944
• UDK: 004.5:629.4.072
• ISSN pri članku: 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app15179512
• COBISS.SI-ID: 247652099
• Datum objave v RUL: 04.09.2025

Gradivo je del revije

• Naslov: Applied sciences
• Skrajšan naslov: Appl. sci.
• Založnik: MDPI
• ISSN: 2076-3417
• COBISS.SI-ID: 522979353

Licence

• Licenca: CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
• Povezava: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
• Opis: To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: simulator vožnje, artefakti gibanja, brezkontaktne meritve, srčni utrip, oddaljena fotopletizmografija

Projekti

• Financer: Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia
• Številka projekta: 451-03-137/2025-03/200103

• Financer: ARIS - Javna agencija za znanstvenoraziskovalno in inovacijsko dejavnost Republike Slovenije
• Številka projekta: P2-0246
• Naslov: ICT4QoL - Informacijsko komunikacijske tehnologije za kakovostno življenje