Razvoj orkestracije v 18. stoletju in njen vpliv na izvajalsko prakso : magistrska naloga

Zupanc Kovač, Miha (avtor), Dvoršak, Simon (mentor)

Orkestracija je v 18. stoletju doživela intenziven in vseobsežen razvoj, ki je pomembno vplival na oblikovanje glasbenih slogov in na spremembe v izvajalskih praksah. V magistrski nalogi smo raziskali zgodovinski, družbeni in estetski okvir, ki je pogojeval spremembe v sestavi orkestra in način pisanja za posamezne instrumente. Poudarek je na postopnem prehodu iz baročnega načina razmišljanja v klasicistično obliko orkestrskega zvoka, kjer so v ospredje stopili preglednost, ravnovesje in kontrast. Posebno pozornost smo namenili vplivu mannheimske šole, ki je s svojimi inovacijami postavila nove temelje orkestraciji, ter reformam Christopha Willibalda Glucka, katerih cilj je bil večja izraznost, jasnost in dramatičnost v operni umetnosti. Zaradi nenehnega razvoja instrumentov in širjenja njihove tehnične zmogljivosti se naloga poglobi v posamezne skupine orkestrskih instrumentov – godala, pihala, trobila, tolkala, instrumente s tipkami in brenkala. Z zgodovinskim pregledom njihove vloge in razvoja prikazujemo tudi postopno oblikovanje orkestra kot ključnega nosilca glasbene ideje v klasicizmu in njegov pomen za prihodnja obdobja. Skladatelja Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Joseph Haydn sta s svojo izjemno ustvarjalnostjo ter s številnimi inovacijami odločilno prispevala k utrditvi in razvoju novih principov orkestracije. To smo prikazali z analizo dveh izbranih del: Mozartove uverture k operi Čarobna piščal, K. 620, in Haydnove Simfonije št. 103 v Es-duru, Hob. I:103, znane tudi kot »Tremolo timpanov«. Poleg analize partitur obravnavamo tudi dirigentski vidik interpretacije in priprave na vajo, s čimer naloga pridobi praktično razsežnost. V sklepnem delu se posvečamo vplivu teh zgodovinskih sprememb na sodobno historično informirano izvajalsko prakso, ki danes stremi k poustvarjanju avtentične zvočne podobe 18. stoletja. Ugotovili smo, da so spremembe v orkestraciji ključno prispevale k oblikovanju klasičnega simfoničnega ideala, ki še danes določa način razumevanja, poučevanja in izvajanja glasbe tega obdobja.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: orkestracija, 18. stoletje, mannheimska šola, Gluckove reforme, historično informirana izvajalska praksa, magistrske naloge
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
• Organizacija: AG - Akademija za glasbo
• Kraj izida: Ljubljana
• Založnik: M. Zupanc Kovač
• Leto izida: 2025
• Št. strani: 66 str.
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-170497
• UDK: 781.63"17"
• COBISS.SI-ID: 240834819
• Datum objave v RUL: 07.07.2025

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: The development of orchestration in the 18th century and its impact on performance practice

Izvleček

Orchestration underwent a profound and comprehensive transformation during the 18th century, significantly shaping musical styles and altering performance practices. This thesis explores the historical, social, and aesthetic frameworks that influenced changes in orchestral composition and the approach to writing for individual instruments. Emphasis is placed on the gradual transition from Baroque compositional thought to the Classical orchestral sound, characterized by clarity, balance, and contrast. Special attention is given to the influence of the Mannheim school, whose innovations laid the foundations for modern orchestration, and to the reforms of Christoph Willibald Gluck, aimed at enhancing expressivity, clarity, and dramatic effect in operatic art. Owing to the continuous development of instruments and the expansion of their technical capabilities, the thesis delves into individual orchestral instrument families – strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion, keyboard instruments, and plucked strings. Through a historical overview of their role and evolution, the gradual formation of the orchestra as a central vehicle of musical expression in Classicism is illustrated, along with its significance for subsequent periods. Composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn made decisive contributions to the consolidation and advancement of new orchestration principles through their exceptional creativity and numerous innovations. This is demonstrated through the analysis of two selected works: Mozart’s overture to Die Zauberflöte, K. 620, and Haydn’s Symphony No. 103 in E-flat major, Hob. I:103, also known as the “Drumroll” Symphony. In addition to score analysis, the thesis addresses the conductor’s perspective on interpretation and rehearsal preparation, thereby providing a practical dimension. The concluding chapter discusses the impact of these historical developments on today’s historically informed performance practice, which aspires to recreate the authentic soundscape of the 18th century. The findings confirm that changes in orchestration were pivotal in shaping the Classical symphonic ideal, which continues to influence how the music of this era is understood, taught, and performed today.

• Ključne besede: orchestration, 18th century, Mannheim School, Gluck's reforms, historically informed performance, master's theses