Over the past 11,500 years, during the Holocene epoch, agriculture, urbanization, and technology have significantly altered Earth, profoundly impacting planetary systems. Since the late 19th century, the marked influence of humans on the environment has led to the Anthropocene concept—a new geological epoch emphasizing human-driven geological, biological, social, and cultural transformations. These changes have facilitated exploitation by transnational criminal organizations, including environmental crimes like illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, mining, and waste dumping. This study explores the relationship between the Anthropocene and environmental crime, with a focus on the illegal trade in protected wildlife—a growing issue due to weak international regulation. It defines key concepts, correlates the Anthropocene with environmental crime and security, and assesses the state of illegal wildlife trade and its consequences. Case studies identify frequently trafficked species, including elephants, rhinos, pangolins, and marine animals, and highlight major countries involved in the trade. Findings reveal that cultural, economic, and symbolic factors drive demand for products from protected species. Legislative gaps, corruption, and weak international cooperation enable criminal exploitation. Recommendations include strengthening international collaboration, harmonizing laws, improving enforcement resources, and raising public awareness of the crime’s impact. Proposals also emphasize sustainable alternatives like synthetic substitutes and support for local communities to reduce reliance on illegal activities.
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