Many wild felids are attracted to rugged terrain and conspicuous relief features, but most previous studies have been limited on effects of general topographic characteristics (e.g. slope). In this study, we used GPS-telemetry data to investigate the effects of various relief and microhabitat features on the habitat selection by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), considering different behavioural states and phases of activity. Using automatic methods for relief features detection based on LiDAR data, we compared selection patterns between two felids and among lynx also based on their origin (lynx translocated within population reinforcement and lynx from the remnant population) and experience level with the area (time since the translocation; naïve and experienced translocated lynx). Using two (bio-)geographically-contrasting areas in Europe, we tested whether lynx exhibit functional responses in habitat selection. We observed a significant influence of relief features on space use by both species, with distinct selection patterns. Wildcat habitat selection was more influenced by forest edges and human infrastructure than by relief features. Lynx preferred rugged, rocky and steep terrain and vicinity of various relief features, but selection of topographic features was stronger during the day than at night. Time phase also affected lynx selection of human infrastructure; during the day they avoided recreational paths but selected them beside forest and main roads at night. We observed stronger selection/avoidance patterns for the translocated lynx than for the lynx from the remnant population, while the differences in experience levels with the area were less pronounced. We also observed a functional response in the selection of rocky and rugged areas, as lynx selection of such habitats increased with their lower availability. This study highlights the potential of integrating remote sensing techniques and abiotic microhabitat features in studying wildlife spatial ecology and emphasizes the importance of protection of geodiversity for the conservation of biodiversity.
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