Development of effective antibacterial agents is crucial in addressing the growing issue of bacterial resistance. Autolysin E (AtlE) from Staphylococcus aureus presents a promising target due to its role in degrading the bacterial cell wall by cleaving the β-1,4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, thereby affecting cell wall remodeling, bacterial growth and biofilm formation. We sought to identify new AtlE inhibitors by utilizing the crystal structure of AtlE from S. aureus in computer-aided ligand-based and structure-based drug design, and employing newly developed computational models to predict water solubility and online pharmacological properties models. We designed a library of 440 ligands based on piperidinyl benzamides (PBL), the only previously known AtlE inhibitors, with the aim of improving their physicochemical properties, particularly their aqueous solubility. For this purpose, we developed and validated new QSPR models for predicting compound solubility based on chemical structure, finding that consensus models demonstrated better predictive power than individual models. The best virtual hits exhibited favorable binding conformations obtained from molecular docking and optimal predicted pharmacological activities from computational studies. Additionally, we investigated the UL-FFA compound library and iminosugar derivatives (ISL) through the same approach. The best virtual hits (n = 48) were biologically evaluated using surface plasmon resonance and minimum inhibitory concentration method. We identified new AtlE inhibitors from the iminosugar structural class with binding affinities in the low micromolar range (ISL-1: KD = 19 µM and MIC (S. aureus ATCC29213) = 8 µg/mL, ISL-8: KD = 88 µM, ISL-3: KD = 410 µM). Despite the improved solubility of the optimized and newly synthesized PBLs, these compounds did not achieve binding to AtlE or MICs values in the low micromolar range, indicating the need for further structural optimization. Through our research, we have expanded the chemical space of potential inhibitors and established further guidelines for the development of more effective AtlE inhibitors against S. aureus.
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