Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant public health challenge, substantially impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction contribute to oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, and late complications, which are categorized into microvascular and macrovascular complications. Reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neurotrophin crucial for neuronal differentiation, growth, and maintenance, are frequently observed in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, research suggests BDNF's involvement in regulating energy homeostasis, appetite, β-cell protection, insulin sensitivity, insulin signaling pathways, and glucose metabolism. Decreased BDNF levels and prevalent genetic variants have been associated with the development of late-stage complications, including diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Our study investigated the relationship between BDNF gene polymorphisms (rs6265, rs28722151, rs11030101) and T2DM management, metabolic alterations, and the onset of late complications. The study included 270 patients with T2DM, where the selected polymorphisms were analyzed using the KASP method. The results indicated that the presence of polymorphic alleles of rs28722151 and rs11030101 is associated with the development of macrovascular complications. These findings represent a significant contribution to science in this field, as such results have not been previously reported in existing literature. Our findings emphasize the need for further research on the role of genetic factors in the development of complications in T2D and contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of this disease and its consequences.
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