Introduction: The discovery of new tumour markers for early disease detection and prediction of treatment response is critical for improving patient survival in the most common form of ovarian cancer, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Extracellular vesicles (EV) that reflect the cell of origin and can be isolated from local fluid and plasma represent a potential source of novel tumor biomarkers. One of the most studied molecules transferred on EVs is Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). EpCAM is overexpressed in most carcinomas and is involved in disease progression. Our research aimed to determine the clinical significance of total and EpCAM-positive EVs in local fluid and plasma of patients with advanced HGSC.
Hypotheses: H1: The amount of total and EpCAM-positive extracellular vesicles in plasma and local fluid reflects the presence of high-grade serous carcinoma. H2: The amount of EpCAM-positive extracellular vesicles in plasma and local fluid of patients with advanced high-grade serous carcinoma reflects EpCAM expression on tumor tissue. H3: Higher levels of EpCAM-positive extracellular vesicles in plasma and local fluid are associated with worse response to treatment and prognosis of patients with advanced high-grade serous carcinoma.
Methods: Our prospective cohort study included 37 patients with advanced HGSC. Patients with benign ovarian pathology represented the control group. Fasting blood samples were taken on the day of surgery and local fluid was aspirated at the beginning of primary surgery. EVs were isolated from paired plasma and local fluid samples. Total EV concentration and size distribution were determined using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Fluorescence-triggered flow cytometry was used to determine total and EpCAM-positive EV concentration. EpCAM expression on tumour tissue was determined with immunohistochemistry. Patients clinical data were collected.
Results: We observed a significant difference in EV concentration in local fluid between HGSC patients and the control group (p<0,001). We also found a significant difference in EV size distribution in both local fluid (p<0,001 for mean, mode, percentile values D10 and D50) and plasma (p<0,001 for mode, D10 and p=0,003 for D50) between groups. In patients with advanced HGSC, we found a significant correlation of EV size distribution in ascites with residual disease after primary cytoreductive surgery (p=0,018 for mean EV size, p=0,013 for D10, p=0,035 for D50, p=0,007 for D90 and p=0,048 for percentage of EVs larger than 200 nm) and a significant correlation of D10 value of EVs in plasma with response to chemotherapy (CRS). We observed a strong association of EpCAM expression on tumour tissue and concentration of EpCAM-positive EVs in ascites in patients with primary cytoreductive surgery (p=0,016). Finally, EpCAM-positive EVs in ascites were correlated with shorter progression free survival (PFS) (p=0,029), regardless of treatment strategy.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, our hypotheses were partially confirmed. We could confirm that EpCAM-positive EVs have potential for clinical application and might help select patients who would benefit from anti-EpCAM targeted therapy in the future. Additionally, the potential of EV size distribution in local fluid and plasma for disease detection and treatment response prediction was observed. Further analyses of EV size-dependent molecular content could help discover novel tumour biomarkers with better diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.
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