Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles released by various types of cells and can be obtained from bodily fluids or cell cultures. By transferring their contents to target cells, they facilitate intercellular communication. Due to their structure, ability to transfer various molecules, and non-immunogenicity, they have become a subject of intense research, particularly in the fields of oncology and regenerative medicine. EVs are highly heterogeneous in size and molecular characteristics, which complicates the establishment of standardized isolation and analysis procedures. Mesenchymal stem cells, cultured in cell cultures, are most commonly used for obtaining EVs. The release of EVs from cells can be stimulated by various chemical and physical methods. Following their isolation, EVs are characterized, including the analysis of their morphology and the identification of surface proteins and other molecules. EVs can be loaded with desired therapeutic agents, and their receptiveness to these agents, as well as their targeting and stability, can be enhanced through genetic engineering. Lyophilization, cryopreservation, and spray drying are the most common methods for storing EVs, ensuring their biological stability and enabling transport. Although EVs hold great potential for clinical use, extensive research is still needed in the areas of their preparation and specific effects on target cells.
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