Hsp90 client proteins play critical roles in all aspects of cancer development, highlighting Hsp90 as a potential target for novel anticancer drugs. However, current inhibitors primarily target the N-terminal domain (NTD) of Hsp90 and are associated with significant therapeutic limitations, particularly the induction of the heat shock response. Therefore, alternative strategies for inhibiting Hsp90 are needed, such as targeting the C-terminal domain (CTD). Unfortunately, due to the absence of crystal structure of Hsp90 CTD in complex with inhibitor, developing structure-based design approaches for Hsp90 CTD inhibitors remains challenging, leading to limited structural diversity in this class.
In this dissertation, we focused on the discovery and optimization of new allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors with unique scaffolds. We successfully developed three distinct structural classes of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors. To identify potential allosteric Hsp90 CTD inhibitors, we employed in silico methods, combining docking into the proposed binding site, molecular dynamics simulations, pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. Through this approach, we obtained three virtual screening hits that were further optimized into analogs exhibiting anticancer activity in the low micromolar range.
The synthesized analogues demonstrated significant anticancer effects in multiple breast cancer cell lines and Ewing sarcoma cell line. Importantly, these novel allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors induced degradation of oncogenic Hsp90 client proteins associated with various cancer pathways without inducing a heat shock response. Notably, compounds belonging to the piperidine inhibitor series exhibited both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Among the tested compounds, the most promising candidate TMT11 was evaluated for its in vivo efficacy using the BALB/c nude mouse model. This compound displayed similar antitumor activity to Hsp90 NTD inhibitor, which has undergone clinical trials, and was well tolerated.
The discovery of new structural classes of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors in this doctoral thesis expands the diversity of available options and represents a promising starting point for the development of anticancer agents with new mode of action in the future.
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