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Načrtovanje, sinteza in biološko vrednotenje novih alosteričnih zaviralcev Hsp90 s protitumornim delovanjem
ID Zajec, Živa (Author), ID Tomašič, Tihomir (Mentor) More about this mentor... This link opens in a new window, ID Gobec, Martina (Comentor)

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Abstract
Hsp90 je obetavna tarča za odkrivanje novih učinkovin za zdravljenje raka, saj so njegovi proteini substrati vpleteni v številne mehanizme nastanka in razvoja te bolezni. Večina do sedaj odkritih zaviralcev Hsp90 se veže v ATP-vezavno mesto na N-končni domeni. ATP-kompetitivni zaviralci Hsp90 v kliničnih študijah niso bili uspešni zaradi številnih neželenih učinkov, njihova največja pomanjkljivost pa je indukcija odziva toplotnega šoka, ki ima za posledico preživetvene in antiapoptotične učinke. Zaradi teh pomanjkljivosti raziskujemo nove strategije zaviranja Hsp90, kot je vezava zaviralcev v C-končno domeno (CKD), ki ne sproža odziva toplotnega šoka. V odsotnosti ko-kristalne strukture CKD in nekovalentnega zaviralca so možnosti strukturno podprtega načrtovanja omejene, kar se kaže v majhni strukturni raznolikosti do sedaj znanih zaviralcev CKD Hsp90. V okviru doktorske disertacije smo se posvetili odkrivanju in optimizaciji alosteričnih zaviralcev Hsp90 z novimi strukturnimi skeleti in razvili tri strukturno različne serije novih zaviralcev CKD Hsp90. Pri načrtovanju in odkrivanju novih spojin smo si pomagali z in silico metodami, in sicer smo razvili nov pristop za odkrivanje alosteričnih zaviralcev Hsp90, ki vključuje sidranje v predpostavljeno vezavno mesto na CKD, simulacije molekulske dinamike (MD), iskanje najbolj reprezentativnega farmakofornega modela v trajektoriji MD in virtualno rešetanje. Z našim pristopom smo odkrili tri strukturno različne spojine zadetke in jih optimizirali do analogov s protitumornim delovanjem v nizkem mikromolarnem območju. Sintetizirane spojine so izkazale antiproliferativno aktivnost na celičnih linijah različnih tipov raka dojke in celični liniji Ewingovega sarkoma. Prav tako so sprožale razgradnjo onkogenih proteinov substratov, vpletenih v različne mehanizme razvoja in napredovanja raka in niso inducirale odziva toplotnega šoka. Spojinam iz serije piperidinskih zaviralcev smo dokazali citotoksično in citostatično delovanje na celični liniji trojno negativnega raka dojke. Učinkovitost najobetavnejše spojine TMT11 smo ovrednotili in vivo v BALB/c mišjem modelu in ugotovili, da zavira rast tumorja trojno negativnega raka dojke primerljivo z N-končnim zaviralcem AUY922, ki je bil predhodno vrednoten v fazi II kliničnih študij. Prav tako je spojina TMT11 izkazala ustrezno varnost v uporabljenem mišjem modelu. Novi strukturni razredi alosteričnih zaviralcev Hsp90, razviti v okviru te doktorske disertacije, predstavljajo pomemben doprinos k strukturni raznolikosti zaviralcev CKD Hsp90, prav tako pa so dobro izhodišče za nadaljnji razvoj novih učinkovin za zdravljenje raka.

Language:Slovenian
Keywords:Hsp90, rak, zaviralci, alosterični, virtualno rešetanje, molekulsko modeliranje
Work type:Doctoral dissertation
Organization:FFA - Faculty of Pharmacy
Year:2023
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-150814 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:24.09.2023
Views:550
Downloads:176
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Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors with anticancer activity
Abstract:
Hsp90 client proteins play critical roles in all aspects of cancer development, highlighting Hsp90 as a potential target for novel anticancer drugs. However, current inhibitors primarily target the N-terminal domain (NTD) of Hsp90 and are associated with significant therapeutic limitations, particularly the induction of the heat shock response. Therefore, alternative strategies for inhibiting Hsp90 are needed, such as targeting the C-terminal domain (CTD). Unfortunately, due to the absence of crystal structure of Hsp90 CTD in complex with inhibitor, developing structure-based design approaches for Hsp90 CTD inhibitors remains challenging, leading to limited structural diversity in this class. In this dissertation, we focused on the discovery and optimization of new allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors with unique scaffolds. We successfully developed three distinct structural classes of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors. To identify potential allosteric Hsp90 CTD inhibitors, we employed in silico methods, combining docking into the proposed binding site, molecular dynamics simulations, pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening. Through this approach, we obtained three virtual screening hits that were further optimized into analogs exhibiting anticancer activity in the low micromolar range. The synthesized analogues demonstrated significant anticancer effects in multiple breast cancer cell lines and Ewing sarcoma cell line. Importantly, these novel allosteric Hsp90 inhibitors induced degradation of oncogenic Hsp90 client proteins associated with various cancer pathways without inducing a heat shock response. Notably, compounds belonging to the piperidine inhibitor series exhibited both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Among the tested compounds, the most promising candidate TMT11 was evaluated for its in vivo efficacy using the BALB/c nude mouse model. This compound displayed similar antitumor activity to Hsp90 NTD inhibitor, which has undergone clinical trials, and was well tolerated. The discovery of new structural classes of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors in this doctoral thesis expands the diversity of available options and represents a promising starting point for the development of anticancer agents with new mode of action in the future.

Keywords:Hsp90, inhibitor, cancer, allosteric, virtual screening, molecular modelling

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