In countries where distributed generation (DG) is widespread, grid-connected
photovoltaic systems (GCPVS) have been shown to cause unintended loads on
the electricity grid.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), solar tracking (ST) and the use of
transformerless inverters can lead to high efficiency of photovoltaic systems while
minimising grid disturbances. Control converters supporting ancillary services
such as reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are key
to mitigate the challenges caused by the increasing use of grid-connected photovoltaic systems [1].
Grid-connected photovoltaic systems operate in parallel to the electricity grid
and therefore do not need energy storage systems. Less conventional generation
is needed at times of peak solar irradiation. In addition, GCPV systems reduce
transmission and distribution losses. Average transmission and distribution losses
are higher during peak periods without the use of appropriate regulation. By
locating DG assets close to loads or points of electricity consumption, these losses
can be partially mitigated [2]. We obtain lower transmission losses due to closer
location, improve efficiency as energy is generated where it is consumed and
reduce the environmental impacts associated with energy transport
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