In modern times, individuals are in contact with civil servants in practically every period of
their lives. Depending on their role of the civil servants, it is important for both
individuals and authorities who performs it. The same was true in the past, although there were
fewer contacts with individuals. Since we did not find any work that would systematically present
the conditions for the employment of civil servants throughout history, due to the complexity of
the research, we limited the time frame to 1918. The main goal of the work was to
investigate which conditions, or qualities and competences, an individual had to meet in
order to become a civil servant throughout different periods of history. Due to space limitations
and because the period before
A.D. 476 is less researched, we have devoted the greatest attention to the following period. We
extrapolated to this period Pusić's or Raadschelders' and Rutgers' stage models of development of
the role of civil servants in the communities of Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks
and Romans. Based on the deductive and synthesis method, we determined the use of the first
selection process in China in the Han Dynasty (from 206 B.C. to A.D. 220) and the appearance of the
first female official in Egypt approximately 5000 years ago. We also found that the official from
about 3000
B.C. had to have good manners, know social rules ("laws") and, until the 11th century, also
religious content. With few exceptions, he was a personal servant of the rulers until about the
17th century. Those who did not have the lowest positions had to have the competence of reading and
writing, since until about the 15th century their work was mainly copying records. Senior
officials had to have the competencies of managers.
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