Due to the extraordinary potential of stem cells for scientific research and clinical use, the need for optimization of in vitro cultivation methods is growing rapidly. Advances in understanding the specific microenvironment in which stem cells thrive allow us to optimize growth conditions in stem cell culture. From classical methods using feeder cells and undefined culture media, we are moving towards defined culture media and synthetic growth substrates. Optimization of culture conditions depends on a detailed understanding of the role of growth factors and cell signaling in stem cells. Defined growth conditions allow us to produce more homogeneous cultures of pluripotent cells or to promote their differentiation into specific target cell types. Optimal culture conditions provide a reliable cell source for basic research. In addition, culture systems that do not contain biological molecules from different species are prefered for safer therapeutic use.
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