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Approaching the communication constraints of Ethereum-based decentralized applications
ID Pustišek, Matevž (Avtor), ID Umek, Anton (Avtor), ID Kos, Andrej (Avtor)

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Izvleček
Those working on Blockchain technologies have described several new innovative directions and novel services in the Internet of things (IoT), including decentralized trust, trusted and verifiable execution of smart contracts, and machine-to-machine communications and automation that reach beyond the mere exchange of data. However, applying blockchain principles in the IoT is a challenge due to the constraints of the end devices. Because of fierce cost pressure, the hardware resources in these devices are usually reduced to the minimum necessary for operation. To achieve the high coverage needed, low bitrate mobile or wireless technologies are frequently applied, so the communication is often constrained, too. These constraints make the implementation of blockchain nodes for IoT as standalone end-devices impractical or even impossible. We therefore investigated possible design approaches to decentralized applications based on the Ethereum blockchain for the IoT. We proposed and evaluated three application architectures differing in communication, computation, storage, and security requirements. In a pilot setup we measured and analyzed the data traffic needed to run the blockchain clients and their applications. We found out that with the appropriate designs and the remote server architecture we can strongly reduce the storage and communication requirements imposed on devices, with predictable security implications. Periodic device traffic is reduced to 2400 B/s (HTTP) and 170 B/s (Websocket) from about 18 kB/s in the standalone-device full client architecture. A notification about a captured blockchain event and the corresponding verification resulted in about 2000 B of data. A transaction sent from the application to the client resulted in an about 500 B (HTTP) and 300 B message (Websocket). The key store location, which affects the serialization of a transaction, only had a small influence on the transaction-related data. Raw transaction messages were 45 B larger than when passing the JSON transaction objects. These findings provide directions for fog/cloud IoT application designers to avoid unrealistic expectations imposed upon their IoT devices and blockchain technologies, and enable them to select the appropriate system design according to the intended use case and system constraints. However, for very low bit-rate communication networks, new communication protocols for device to blockchain-client need to be considered.

Jezik:Angleški jezik
Ključne besede:architecture, blockchain, communication constrains, decentralized application, Ethereum, Internet of Things
Vrsta gradiva:Članek v reviji
Tipologija:1.01 - Izvirni znanstveni članek
Organizacija:FE - Fakulteta za elektrotehniko
Status publikacije:Objavljeno
Različica publikacije:Objavljena publikacija
Leto izida:2019
Št. strani:20 str.
Številčenje:Vol. 19, iss. 11, art. 2647
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-132289 Povezava se odpre v novem oknu
UDK:621.39:004
ISSN pri članku:1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s19112647 Povezava se odpre v novem oknu
COBISS.SI-ID:12542292 Povezava se odpre v novem oknu
Datum objave v RUL:20.10.2021
Število ogledov:2223
Število prenosov:179
Metapodatki:XML DC-XML DC-RDF
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Gradivo je del revije

Naslov:Sensors
Skrajšan naslov:Sensors
Založnik:MDPI
ISSN:1424-8220
COBISS.SI-ID:10176278 Povezava se odpre v novem oknu

Licence

Licenca:CC BY 4.0, Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva 4.0 Mednarodna
Povezava:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.sl
Opis:To je standardna licenca Creative Commons, ki daje uporabnikom največ možnosti za nadaljnjo uporabo dela, pri čemer morajo navesti avtorja.
Začetek licenciranja:11.06.2019

Sekundarni jezik

Jezik:Slovenski jezik
Ključne besede:arhitektura, blokovne verige, komunikacijske omejitve, decentralizirane aplikacije, Ethereum, internet stvari

Projekti

Financer:ARRS - Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije
Številka projekta:P2-0246
Naslov:Algoritmi in optimizacijski postopki v telekomunikacijah

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