The diploma thesis highlights the growth of influence and integration of neuroscientific discoveries into different scientific disciplines (philosophy, psychology and politics). The most common dilemmas, questions, and disagreements that have emerged from the expansion of neuroscience are briefly outlined. The thesis deals primarily with issues raised by the social sciences and humanities, which, while dealing with neuroscientific assumptions and theses, which, while deeply engaging with human beings, do not currently enjoy the highest reputation and financial support in society. However, their critical reflection seems to be a necessary condition for limiting the dangerous expansion of concepts and practices that reduce human functioning and experience to brain and nervous processes.
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