Uporaba sile v samoobrambi pred kibernetskim napadom

Šumak Pečenko, Gal (avtor), Sancin, Vasilka (mentor)

Cilj magistrskega diplomskega dela bo odgovoriti na vprašanje, ali je z obstoječimi pravili jus ad bellum mednarodnega prava mogoče nasloviti vprašanje uporabe sile v samoobrambi pred kibernetskimi napadi. Obravnavano vprašanje je del širšega konteksta, ki je pravico do uporabe sile v samoobrambi postavil pred nove izzive, torej v čas, ko se fizična prisila in uporaba orožja umika dejanjem, ki države prizadenejo v kibernetskem prostoru ali pa preko kibernetskega prostora povzročijo tudi fizično škodo. Prvi del obravnava kibernetski napad v smislu oboroženega napada. Uporaba sile v samoobrambi je zakonita samo zoper dejanja, ki presežejo prag oboroženega napada. Za kvalifikacijo kibernetskega napada kot oboroženega napada so ločeno obravnavani kibernetski napadi, ki so državo prizadeli v obliki kinetičnih (oprijemljivih) učinkov in ne-kinetičnih učinkov, ki niso v fizičnem svetu. Drugi del je namenjen obravnavi neizbežne pravice do samoobrambe. Gre za vprašanje o nastopu trenutka, ko lahko država uporabi silo pred kibernetskim napadom. Drugi del obravnava tudi zakonitost pravice do samoobrambe zoper dejanja nedržavnih akterjev, saj široka dostopnost kibernetskih sredstev nedržavnim akterjem odpira problematiko novih razsežnostih. Magistrsko diplomsko delo zaključujem z ugotovitvijo, da je kljub temu, da obstoječa pravila mednarodnega prava težko sledijo izzivom kibernetskega vojskovanja, zelo malo verjetno, da bi države v kratkem dosegle soglasje glede nove celovite ureditve tega vprašanja.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: Pravica do samoobrambe, oborožen napad, kibernetski napad, uporaba sile, neizbežna samoobramba, kibernetske operacije, jus ad bellum
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Organizacija: PF - Pravna fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2017
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-106089
• COBISS.SI-ID: 15814737
• Datum objave v RUL: 25.01.2019

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: The Right to Use Force in Self-defence Against Cyber-Attacks

Izvleček

The purpose of this master’s thesis is to test whether the existing rules of international law, in particular, the rules of jus ad bellum can be applied to the legal use of force in self-defence of states against cyber-attacks. This analysis is part of a broader question of self-defence in times of cyber operations, which harm states through cyberspace and may even cause kinetic damage. The first part deals with cyber-attacks that qualify as armed attacks. A state's right to use force in self-defence is permitted only against acts that meet the threshold of an armed attack. In qualifying the cyber-attacks as armed attacks the kinetic cyber-attacks and non-kinetic cyber-attacks are addressed separately. The issue of anticipatory self-defence against cyber-attacks is the subject of the second chapter. It is focused on determining the turning point when a state may use force in self-defence before any devastating consequences of an armed attack occur. This chapter also deals with the right of self-defence against non-state actors. Unrestricted access to cyber space brings new challenges because of the variety of potential perpetrators. This master's thesis concludes that existing norms of international law struggle to address the challenges of cyber warfare, and it is unlikely that this area of international law will see a new set of regulation in the near future.

• Ključne besede: Right of self-defence, armed attack, cyber-attack, use of force, anticipatory self-defence, cyber operation, jus ad bellum.