Proučevanje uspešnosti uporabe vizualnih smernic zdravega prehranjevanja v osnovnošolskem izobraževanju s pomočjo očesnega sledilca

Trobec, Tina (avtor), Koch, Verena (mentor), Lovšin Kozina, Francka (komentor)

K svetovnemu naraščajočemu trendu sodobnih kroničnih bolezni prispeva predvsem nezdrav življenjski slog, nezdravo prehranjevanje in premalo gibanja. V osnovnošolskem izobraževanju se prehranske vsebine obširneje obravnavajo v 6. razredu pri predmetu Gospodinjstvo ter nato pri izbirnih predmetih Sodobna priprava hrane in Načini prehranjevanja. Večina ljudi informacije sprejema in obdela na vizualni ravni, tudi učitelji pri svojem pouku skušajo uporabljati čim več vizualnih modelov/shem/elementov/smernic. Na področju prehranskega izobraževanja se tako v osnovni šoli uporablja predvsem že dolgo znana prehranska piramida, ki pa po raziskavah učencem velikokrat predstavlja težavo pri razumevanju. Prav z namenom boljšega razumevanja smernic zdravega prehranjevanja so junija 2011 začeli uvajati prehranski krožnik. V magistrskem delu sem želela poiskati odgovor o prednostih prvega in drugega vizualnega modela in njuni uporabnosti v osnovni šoli. V ta namen sem v raziskavi uporabila očesni sledilec oziroma »eye tracker«. Očesni sledilec nam omogoča spremljanje kognitivnih procesov med učenjem in predstavi povezavo med procesom kognicije in očesnimi premiki. Omogoča nam, da s pomočjo analize video dokumentacije ugotovimo smer pogleda in točko v prostoru, ki ji je oseba namenila pogled oziroma vizualno pozornost. Kot metodo raziskovanja sem uporabila deskriptivno metodo raziskovanja. Raziskava je bila empirična, s kvantitativnim raziskovalnim pristopom. Vzorec je bil neslučajnostni, priložnostni. Raziskava je vključevala 69 učencev, ki so reševali preizkus znanja, 8 učencev pa je bilo testiranih s pomočjo očesnega sledilca. Ugotovila sem, da se med uporabnostjo prehranske piramide in prehranskega krožnika pri reševanju nalog tako na očesnem sledilcu kot tudi anketnem vprašalniku ne pojavljajo bistvene razlike. Ta razlika (približno 2 % odstotka) je tako zanemarljiva, da ne morem govoriti o tem, da je ena vizualna smernica zdravega prehranjevanja boljša od druge. Vsekakor pa lahko trdim, da sta obe vizualni smernici zdravega prehranjevanja uporabni tako v šoli kot tudi v praksi in je zato v osnovni šoli smiselno uporabiti obe, saj se lepo dopolnjujeta. Ugotovila sem tudi, da največjo težavo pri uporabi tako prehranske piramide kot prehranskega krožnika učencem predstavlja predvsem razumevanje konkretnih količin. Temu področju bi bilo zato smiselno v prihodnosti posvetiti nekaj časa in razmisliti, kako bi lahko učencem predstavili in na čim bolj enostaven način ponazorili, koliko živil je potrebno zaužiti iz določene skupine živil. Rezultati raziskave so tako pokazali, katera vizualna smernica je za učence bolj primerna za uporabo v osnovnošolskem izobraževanju oz. v vsakdanjem življenju, poleg tega pa je bilo ugotovljeno, kaj učencem pri uporabi vizualizacijskih modelov povzroča največ težav. Vsekakor pa bodo rezultati doprinesli h kakovosti prehranskega izobraževanja ter nakazali smernice za izboljšave vizualnih modelov zdravega prehranjevanja.

• Jezik: Slovenski jezik
• Ključne besede: očesni sledilec
• Vrsta gradiva: Magistrsko delo/naloga
• Tipologija: 2.09 - Magistrsko delo
• Organizacija: PEF - Pedagoška fakulteta
• Leto izida: 2017
• PID: 20.500.12556/RUL-95008
• COBISS.SI-ID: 11684681
• Datum objave v RUL: 19.09.2017

Sekundarni jezik

• Jezik: Angleški jezik
• Naslov: Examining the effectiveness of application of visual guideliness of healthy eating in primary school with the help of eye tracker

Izvleček

The increasing trend of chronic diseases in a modern world is mainly a consequence of unhealthy lifestyle, unhealthy diet and lack of motion. In the primary school nutrition contents are considered to a greater extent in the 6th class in a subject Housekeeping. Also, they are included in a curriculum of optional subjects Contemporary preparation of food and Ways of nourishment. Majority of people accept and process information on a visual level, so teachers in lessons take efforts to use as many visual models/diagrams/elements/guidances as possible. Basically, in a field of nutrition education in a primary school prevails use of well-known nutrition pyramid. However, studies show that the nutrition pyramid poses difficulties in understanding diet. Consequently, for a better comprehension of guidances for healthy nutrition started an introduction of so called »nutrition plate« in June 2011. In the master thesis I wanted to discover advantages of the first and the second visual model and establish their usefulness in the primary school. For this purpose I used in a research the application called »eye tracker«. The eye tracker enables us monitoring cognitive processes in the time of learning, as well as demonstrates connection between a process of cognition and eye moves. Essentially, it makes us possible that on a basis of analyzing video documentation we find out a direction of the sight and the point in a space, which a person paid visual attention to. I used a descriptive research method. The study was empirical and involved quantitative approach to research. A research was based on non-random, convenience sample. The study encompassed 69 pupils who completed the test of knowledge, while 8 pupils were tested by use of eye tracker. I realized, that completed tests showed no significant difference between usefulness of nutrition pyramid and usefulness of nutrition plate. It was true with regard to both examination methods, i.e. completing a testing questionnaire and using eye tracker. This difference (approximately 2%) is so negligible, that I can not make a conclusion that one visual guidance of healthy nutrition is more useful than another. Nevertheless, I can argue that both visual guidances of healthy nutrition are useful in the school, as well as in the practice. Consequently, it makes sense to implement both of them in the primary school, because they nicely supplement each other. I also established, that the toughest problem for pupils in usage of both nutrition pyramid and nutrition plate is mainly connected with understanding of actual quantities. So, it would be reasonable to dedicate some time to this question and consider, what could be done for pupils to demonstrate them as simply as possible, what quantities of foodstuffs from particular food groups are necessary to eat. Therefore, results of the study showed, which visual guidance is more appropriate for pupils to use it in primary school education and everyday life. Additionally, it was discovered, what causes the most difficulties to pupils in use of visualisation models. In any case, results of the research will contribute to quality of nutrition education, and indicate directions for improvements of visual models of healthy nutrition.

• Ključne besede: eye tracker