In this thesis, we present trends in the construction and equipment of housing facilities for young cattle and calves and examine their impact on animal health, welfare, and productivity. The aim of the thesis is to provide, based on an-in-depth review of the scientific and professional literature, an overview of the key requirements for housing design and to highlight solutions that improve housing conditions and provide an optimal environment for animal growth and development. The key factors considered in housing design include appropriate location, ventilation, roof design, flooring systems, hygiene and microclimatic conditions, as well as adequate floor space and air volume per animal. These factors directly affect animal health and welfare. Individual and group housing of calves, as well as pair housing, are described in detail, with particular attention to their effects on growth, health, behaviour, and disease incidence. Special attention is given on innovative solutions such as heating systems for newborn calves, automated feeding and watering system, the use of sensors to monitor animal activity and virtual fencing for grazing animals. These technologies enable more precise monitoring of animal welfare and facilitate timely intervention when deviations from norma behaviour or health status are detected. The findings indicate that well-designed housing facilities and the use of modern equipment contribute to reduce disease incidence, improved growth rates, greater labour efficiency, and ensuring the long-term economic sustainability of cattle production.
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