The horse's welfare is defined as its physical and psychological state, which it perceives subjectively and which depends directly on its care, environment and interaction with humans, especially during training. In training, the choice of appropriate methods, their correct implementation and the quality of the relationship between horse and handler play a crucial role. To ensure optimal welfare, a thorough understanding of the horse's natural behaviour is required, which is also taken into account in the training structure itself. Training based on coercion, harsh handling or even violence can lead to serious physical injury, stress and long-term behavioral problems, all of which lead to the failure of horse training. Positive reinforcement methods, on the other hand, reduce stress, build confidence and improve the animal's mental stability. An ethical training approach takes into account the horse's cognitive abilities and emotional needs as well as its natural behaviour. The emphasis is on respect, understanding and building a partnership that contributes to the long-term success of the training. The use of appropriate techniques and equipment is essential for the physical and mental welfare of the horse, as incorrect methods can have lasting negative consequences. Research confirms that neglecting a horse's needs or using unethical methods negatively affects its behaviour, health and overall welfare. Successful training is based on the welfare of the horse, because only a healthy and mentally balanced horse can learn and cooperate effectively with humans.
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