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Internet memes as an element of free speech online
ID Damjan, Matija (Author)

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Abstract
Internet memes, a ubiquitous element of today’s online communication, are not just a form of entertainment. They convey ideas in a graphic form, relying on the participants’ shared cultural knowledge. Memes created by appropriating aspects of popular culture are derivative works based on copyright-protected materials. Despite being made with little regard for copyright rules, Internet users generally perceive memes as non-problematic. The Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market mandates content-sharing service providers to obtain licences for user-generated content or filter out any infringing content. This has sparked concerns that strict upload filters will erase popular memes with unsettled legal status, potentially reshaping the landscape of online communication. This chapter discusses which exceptions and limitations under the EU copyright law could ensure the legality of Internet memes and strike a balance between the interests of the rightholders and freedom of expression. It discusses caricature, parody and pastiche, as well as the compatibility of the available exceptions and limitations with content-recognition technologies. The distinction between commercial and non-commercial use is also considered.

Language:English
Keywords:memes, parody, pastiche, upload filters, non-commercial use
Work type:Not categorized
Typology:1.16 - Independent Scientific Component Part or a Chapter in a Monograph
Organization:PF - Faculty of Law
Publication status:Published
Publication version:Author Accepted Manuscript
Year:2026
Number of pages:Str. 415-435
PID:20.500.12556/RUL-181118 This link opens in a new window
UDC:347:004
DOI:10.4324/9781003466390-24 This link opens in a new window
COBISS.SI-ID:273023235 This link opens in a new window
Publication date in RUL:26.03.2026
Views:99
Downloads:35
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Record is a part of a monograph

Title:Flexibilities in copyright law
Editors:Caterina Sganga, Tatiana-Eleni Synodinou
Place of publishing:London
Publisher:Routledge
Year:2026
ISBN:978-1-032-73868-0
COBISS.SI-ID:273003779 This link opens in a new window

Secondary language

Language:Slovenian
Abstract:
Spletni memi, ki so danes nepogrešljiv del spletne komunikacije, niso zgolj oblika zabave. Ideje prenašajo v slikovni obliki in se pri tem opirajo na skupno kulturno znanje udeležencev. Memi, ustvarjeni z uporabo elementov popularne kulture, so predelave z avtorskimi pravicami varovanih del. Čeprav so ustvarjeni brez upoštevanja pravil avtorskega prava, jih spletni uporabniki na splošno dojemajo kot neproblematične. Direktiva o avtorskih pravicah na enotnem digitalnem trgu nalaga ponudnikom storitev za izmenjavo vsebin, da pridobijo licence za uporabniške vsebine, ali da odstranijo vse vsebine, ki kršijo pravice tretjih To je sprožilo zaskrbljenost, da bodo strogi filtri za nalaganje izbrisali priljubljene meme z nejasnim pravnim statusom, kar bi lahko spremenilo podobo spletne komunikacije. Poglavje obravnava, katere izjeme in omejitve v skladu z zakonodajo EU o avtorskih pravicah bi lahko zagotovile zakonitost internetnih memov in vzpostavile ravnovesje med interesi imetnikov pravic in svobodo izražanja. Obravnava karikature, parodije in pastiše ter združljivost razpoložljivih izjem in omejitev s tehnologijami za prepoznavanje vsebin. Obravnava tudi razliko med komercialno in nekomercialno uporabo.

Keywords:internetni memi, parodija, pastiš, filtri za nalaganje, nekomercialna raba

Projects

Funder:ARIS - Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency
Project number:P5-0337
Name:Pravni izzivi informacijske družbe

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