Introduction: In vitro fertilization (IVF) has become an important solution for couples struggling with infertility; however, numerous studies have pointed to an increased risk of pregnancy complications, with preterm birth being among the most serious. As the number of IVF pregnancies rises globally, understanding the association between IVF and preterm birth is essential for clinical management of these pregnancies. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the association between IVF and preterm birth, and to determine whether IVF is an independent risk factor for preterm birth when accounting for other potential confounding variables. Methods: The first part of the thesis included a literature review, and the second part a retrospective cohort study with analysis based on data from the Slovenian Perinatal Information System fort he period 2013-2022. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used, including univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 193,655 births were analyzed, among which 8,646 pregnancies were conceived via IVF. The findings showed that IVF pregnancies were significantly associated with a higher risk of both preterm birth (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.32–1.55; p < 0.001) and very preterm birth (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.30–1.80; p < 0.001), even after adjustment for various confounders. IVF mothers were more likely to be older, have a higher body mass index, and have medical comorbidities. Discussion and conclusion: IVF remains an independent risk factor for preterm birth after statistical adjustment. Based on these results, IVF pregnancies should be considered high-risk and managed with individualized and enhanced prenatal care.
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