The thesis addresses epigenetics as a key layer of gene expression regulation that does not involve changes in the DNA sequence but influences development, health, and disease. The aim of the research was to comprehensively present the main epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the role of non-coding RNAs, and to highlight their functional and clinical relevance. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of DNA methylation in regulating expression, cellular differentiation, and disease, where DNMT1 maintains methylation patterns, while DNMT3A/B establish de novo methylation. Among histone modifications, patterns of acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation are analyzed, acting as either activators or repressors of transcription. The study also provides a detailed overview of classes of non-coding RNAs (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA), which guide epigenetic changes through target specificity. Concrete findings include evidence of the association between epigenetic abnormalities and cancer, neurological, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases, as well as the influence of meditation and stress on epigenetic regulators. In conclusion, the thesis emphasizes the plasticity of the epigenome and its potential applicability in personalized medicine and therapeutic approaches.
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